Russians Conversion to Christianity

The conversion of Russians to Christianity was a big step towards Slavic civilization. The role of converting these people was upon the Orthodox Church which played an important role in helping the neighbors of Byzantine to take Byzantine cultures while at the same time helping to spread Christianity. Emperors from Byzantine in their bid to help their neighbors change their barbaric and hostile ways of life tried to use such methods as church conversions, judicious diplomacy and promotion of international trade. There were various reasons why Russians were converted to Christianity and in doing so; some strategies were employed by the Orthodox Church and the emperors. This paper is mainly going to focus on these two issues. One of the key steps that were taken in 863 was to provide the Russians or the Slavs who included the Danube who later were conquered by Magyars, the Czechs, the Moravians, Polinians and the Lyakhs who were also sometimes regarded as the Poles with a custom made Slavic alphabet or simply a modified Greek alphabet which was known as Glagothic. This helped them to make these people feel proud of their work as the Slavic alphabets were to be used in scripture translation and translation of other liturgical works. Invention of Slavic language was a milestone in the spread of Christianity and this became the platform that future conversion activities for the Russians took place. As per the Russian Primary Chronicle, because of the presence of emperors who highly valued Byzantine cultures, many Moravians had been converted by the Orthodox Church into Christianity but the problem was that they could not read the scripture and interpret it in their own language . This was because they were not familiar with Latin and Greek language that was used in the scripture and the problem was that there were preachers who would teach them this today and tomorrow interpret the same topic differently, now they wanted to be taught a language that they would use to read the bible for themselves and interpret it accordingly because those that came to preach to them would take advantage of their inability to read and interpret the scripture. We understand neither Greek nor Latin some teach us one thing and some another. Furthermore, we do not understand written characters nor their meaning. Therefore send us teachers who can who can make known to us the words of the scriptures and their sense† . To achieve this end, Moravian Slavs led by emperor Kostel, Rostilav and Sviatopolk requested Michael, the Byzantine emperor to help them with teachers who would assist in scripture translation into their native language. After receiving their request, the emperor asked the most professional scholars in his region to lend a hand in the translation work and they agreed to help. The scholars went to Kostel, Rostilav and Sviatopolk and took it upon themselves the duty of teaching Moravian Slavs how to read the scripture especially after they successively translated it into their Slavic native tongue. They started by composing Slavic alphabet and later they started the work of translating the scripture especially the Acts and the Gospels. Nothing made these Slavs happier than to hear the gospel preached in their native language. These scholars also helped in translating other pieces of work apart from the scripture for example they translated books such as Oktoechos and the Psalter among others . The zealots were not pleased by the idea of translating the scripture into Slavic language and thus they openly criticized this move. They argued that only Latin, Greek and Hebrew languages were supposed to be used in the scripture but the Pope did not share these sentiments and he dismissed these claims. To facilitate the conversion work of the Russians into Christianity, Methodius was appointed by Prince Kostel as one of Apostle Paul’s seventy disciples and he was given the task of bible translation, a job that he effectively did within six months but with the help of the two priests who were also professional writers. Methodius being an apostle worked hand in hand in hand with Bishop Andronicus who had been appointed by Apostle Paul to help him in the spread of the gospel to the Moravians . Another major break in the conversion of Russians into Christianity was achieved during the reigns of Vladimir in 980. Vladimir was a pagan leader who prayed idols and had even erected some of them on the hills and decorated them with gold moustaches and silver heads. Some of these idols were Khors, Stribog, Mokosn’, Dazh’bog and Simar’gi. People would sacrifice their offspring to these idols and thus this land was full of blasphemous blood. In 987 Vladimir after many trials by Bulgars to accept their religion summoned his ‘nobles’ to seek for their advice on whether they should abandon worshipping their idols and adopt other types of religion like that for Germans, Greek or for Jews. All of these had approached Vladimir and asked him to join their religion and now he was at crossroads to know what step to take from there. The Greeks claimed that whoever worshipped their God would have eternal life but those who followed other faith would burn in eternal fire. After asking nobles their stand, they said that unless they experience immediate knowledge of those rituals then they were not in a position to advice. They thus went and learnt for themselves but were not impressed by how Germans and Jews practiced their rituals but for the Greek the answer though not very direct was positive. â€Å"Everyman, after tasting something sweet, is afterward unwilling to accept that which is bitter, and therefore we can no longer remain here (Paganism)† . They argued that in German rituals they did not see any beauty and that for the Jews was bad but to the Greek’s ritual they could not know whether they were still on earth or in heaven because it was beauty beyond human description. This made Vladimir jealous and attacked his opponents a year later and proceeded to Kherson and conquered this Greek city. After this he issued demands to the Greek emperors-Constantine and Basil that they had to give to him their unmarried sister or else he would destroy the whole city but they told him that he would only get the girl if and only if, he got baptized as it was against their Christian faith and teachings to sell off their Christian sister to a pagan. Vladimir badly wanted this girl and thus he softened his heart and agreed to get baptized on condition that he would be baptized by this unwedded girl known as Anne. The emperors agreed to this and people rejoiced and danced as he got baptized. Vladimir then disclosed to them that he knew of their religion as he had sent emissaries before to enquire on the same and they gave him a positive answer . Just as it was a custom to pay bride price after marrying a girl, Vladimir returned Kherson to its rightful owners as his dowry. When he went back home he ordered all idols to be destroyed and said that those who would not get baptized the following day were not his friends any more and thousands big and small, young and old went to the river to be baptized and a history was made as never before had so many people been baptized at one time. Vladimir after this constructed wooden churches on the grounds where he had set his idols to show the world that he was truly a converted Christian. He also sent priests to go all over the town and cities to preach to the unconverted and convert and baptize them. The reasons that made the Russians to get baptized was their desire to be able to read and interpret the scripture without asking for an interpreter as those people who came to teach them took advantage of their inability to read and write. That was why they asked Emperor Michael to assist them in composing Slavic alphabets something that they did willingly. Another thing that acted as a catalyst towards Russians conversion to Christianity was Vladimir’s desire to marry Emperor’s unwedded sister. This led to his baptism as well as the baptism of other hundred thousands of his followers.

Marketing Mini Stories

Several years ago I had a friend who worked for a Hilton hotel. At the time, fitness and low calorie or high protein meals were popular trends and a concern of travelers. Hilton, as well as other hotel chains, produced a marketing concept to address the needs of guests traveling for business by ensuring that each franchise provided a â€Å"fitness kit† which could be delivered up to a guestroom. Developed by Bally Total Fitness, it contained a yoga mat, hand weights, and an exercise band. Or, if the guest requested it, a treadmill could be delivered for use in the guestroom. The food & beverage outlets in each franchise hotel also had to undergo a change of menu to accommodate this marketing concept. The Hilton Eat Right program required low-fat and low-calorie meals such as seared tuna with a salad be added to the menu. My friend wasn’t too happy about having to provide these extra services, but guests of the hotel seemed to like it. I ate dinner in a rather upscale restaurant recently. Since I’ve worked in a restaurant before, I tend to notice the little things on the table that other patrons might ignore. At this restaurant, the table was set with linen napkins, and nice silverware, the usual condiments, etc. and in the middle of the table was a tent card advertising the â€Å"wine of the month†, which was a Kendall-Jackson Chardonnay. Knowing how distribution channels in the food & beverage industry work, I immediately surmsied the tent card was the result of promotions from a marketing intermediary. The alcohol wholesaler buys directly from the manufacturer, such as Kendall-Jackson, and then markets the product to the retailer, in this case the restaurant. The restaurant itself was also functioning as a marketing intermediary by placing the tent cards on the table and incentivizing servers to offer their â€Å"wine of the month†, which was probably purchased at a reduced price. The last time I moved to a new house, some of the items I needed to consider buying were cable television, telephone service and the access to the Internet through an Internet service provider. While my choice of company was limited, I realized that all companies advertising such items had begun to take a systems selling approach to offering packaged services. For instance, Qwest, traditionally known as the provider of telephone service, has branched out to include Internet access as well as teamed up with DirecTV for satellite television service. By using systems selling, Qwest has greatly increased its income potential. By partnering with DirecTV, Qwest does not need to produce the components for satellite television themselves, but can rely on its partner for inventory control and production. Since most customers wish to purchase all these items, especially when moving to a new location, the decision to package them all together makes perfect sense and the bundled price appealed to me. My friend that worked at the Hilton hotel made me aware of a fact I previously didn’t know – hotels continually use marketing segmentation to keep their guestrooms full. After being informed of this approach, it made shopping for a hotel room for my last vacation a different sort of venture. Knowing that a resort hotel targets one market – leisure travelers – on the weekend and another market – business travelers – during the week when occupancy levels are lower, I opted to plan my vacation over the course of a week rather than choose a weekend stay, when rates would be higher. By using marketing segmentation, most hotels offers specific packages aimed at each different market. The resort hotel I chose last spring had a special midweek package consisting of the guestroom plus breakfast and two tickets to a local amusement park at an attractive price. By targeting my market segment of leisure travel during days when the hotel typically wouldn’t be full, the hotel was able to gain revenue not normally expected. When it comes to brand, McDonald’s has this concept firmly in place. A friend and I went to McDonald’s just last week to buy a quick lunch and we were inundated with their brand, image, and logo. The golden arches outside the place themselves are part of the brand and this symbol appears on everything – from the hamburger wrapper of the Big Mac I ordered, to the cup holding my soft drink, to the menu displayed behind the order counter. As well, brand is incorporated in more subtle ways. The colors of yellow and red are seen throughout and many of the shapes inside the restaurant – from the seating to the kid’s play area – are reminiscent of an â€Å"m†. After leaving McDonald’s we stopped at a Dairy Queen to order ice cream for dessert. Walking into that restaurant made me even more aware of how pervasive McDonald’s brand presence is; there is no way McDonald’s products could be mistaken for those at Dairy Queen. That same upscale restaurant I’d eaten dinner in recently had a section reserved for bar patrons. Since there was a bit of wait before my friend and I could be seated, we passed the time at the bar having a beer and munching on a snack mix in a bowl on the table. It was really very tasty – a mix of crunchy squares and peanuts and spicy sesame pieces. I inquired of the bartender where I could purchase the same mix being served in the restaurant and he replied that it was available only wholesale. If I wanted to buy some of the snack mix for myself, I would have to find someone who worked for a wholesaler to order it for me as it was not an item I could buy in a retail store. Of course this made sense – why would I want to return to the bar and sit there to munch on the snack mix if I could buy it and eat in the privacy of my own home? Some time ago, I realized the value of public relations. As a consumer, it’s sometimes not enough incentive to patronize a company that offers good products at a low price; sometimes it is also how the company responds to bad press that influences my buying decision. At the time I was living in a town with a Wal-Mart and not much else in the way of available stores. There was a story I’d read in the newspaper regarding a customer of the local Wal-Mart who had gone into a rest room at the store and not come back out several hours later. The customer’s wife was frantic with worry and she contacted the store to help her locate her husband. The man was found, dead as the result of complications from a medical condition, in the rest room stall after a search was performed. However, it was the direct result of Wal-Mart’s ineffective public relations department that caused further problems as they refused to take any responsibility or even offer an apology to the customer’s wife for the incident. Because Wal-Mart doesn’t present a caring attitude towards their customers, I will think twice before shopping there again. E-marketing is big business these days. I happen to know an author who broke into the writing business as a result of her book being contracted with an e-publisher. Because she gets excited by this opportunity, I’ve often listened to her ideas for promotion, which include a great deal of e-marketing. According to my friend, these days, an author does not need to go to a bookstore and set up a book signing to promote her book, instead she can schedule a â€Å"virtual book tour† in which she makes appearances on several blog sites and answers questions about her and the book. Another form of e-marketing she uses is to be involved with readers’ forums whereby she can promote her book by posting online excerpts and talking it up with readers. This type of marketing can also include personal pages on websites such as My Space and Facebook and results in the ability to market from her own home. My mother is a big collector of Coca-Cola products. Her kitchen is filled with items bearing the Coca-Cola logo, in all its various forms – from dish towels to plates to banks, clocks, playing cards, etc. While some of the items are antiques, many of them were bought brand new from retail stores. It was when I was shopping for a Christmas present for my mother that I became aware of just how widely Coca-Cola products are licensed. Gibson is one manufacturer that is licensed to produce dishes and kitchen ware bearing the Coca-Cola logo, while additional companies are also allowed to produce different items, such as straw dispensers and napkin holders, with the distinctive colors and logo. Through this wide distribution of licensing agreements, Coca-Cola has certainly increased revenues incrementally. I watched the Super Bowl this year with a group of friends. Although I wasn’t particularly interested in either team playing, I was interested in the advertising during commercial breaks. Having previously read some of the buzz surrounding the company Go Daddy, I was aware of its past troubles producing a commercial which would appease the television censors. Go Daddy’s approach this year was an excellent example of innovative marketing. Not only does the company depend on the buzz from its commercials not being accepted by the censor boards, it decided this year to post the rejected commercial on its website. The Super Bowl commercial itself was cheaply produced and directed watchers to log on to the Go Daddy website where they could watch the commercial that didn’t make it to air time. This truly innovative marketing approach was so successful that it contributed to the down time of Internet services during the Super Bowl as consumers rushed to the website to view the commercial.

Academic degree Essay Example for Free (#3)

Academic degree Essay ? Healthcare Basics – What to Know Before Pursuing a Health Career Decide Which Health Career is Best for You Healthcare Employers – Where to Work in the Medical Industry Medical Education – Training and Education Required for Health Careers Paying for Education Costs – How to Pay for Your Healthcare Education Healthcare Compensation – How You’ll Get Paid, and How Much Getting the Job – How to Secure Your Dream Job in Healthcare Health Career Advancement – Manage Your Healthcare Career for Success Professional Health Career Resources and Reference Materials Trends, News, and Issues Impacting Your Career in Healthcare Glossary of Terms for Health Careers. Blog Updated Articles and Resources View More Free Email Newsletter Let About. com send you the latest from our Health Careers Expert. You can opt-out at any time. Please refer to our privacy policy for contact information. Medical student holding flask with blue – Cultura Science/Matt Lincoln/Riser/Getty Images Cultura Science/Matt Lincoln/Riser/Getty Images Question: Why Is Education So Important for Success? Is education important to a successful career in the healthcare industry? And if so, how important is it, and why is education so important? Many readers and job seekers often ask why education is important with respect to one’s career, particularly in the healthcare industry. Some people also want to know how education can impact overall quality of life, in addition to the impact education has on one’s career. Many job seekers, some who have years of experience, may not even be considered for a job, or they may be passed over for a candidate who has a degree, or more education, but has less experience. Why? Ads Medical Science Degree theacademy. edu. au/medical_science Designed for high-achievers. Be mentored by experienced researchers Bachelor Courses www. seeklearning. com. au/Bachelor Study Online When It Suits You FEE-HELP Available. Enrol Now. Career Personality Quiz carecareers. com. au/CareerQuiz Find Out Which Jobs Suit You Best. Get your Free Personal Profile Now. Professional Degree Theology Degree Jobs Jobs Health Science Jobs Leadership Degree Answer: Education is very important to both your personal and professional life, in a number of significant ways! Depending on the level of success you’re seeking to achieve, the level of education may be relative, but the bottom line is, an education of some sort is often paramount to future success. Completing increasingly advanced levels of education shows that you have a drive and commitment to learn and apply information, ideas, theories, and formulas to achieve a variety of tasks and goals. Subject Matters: Probably the most obvious reason education is important is to acquire the subject matter and basic knowledge needed to get by in everyday life. For example: English and language skills: English and language skills will help you to communicate your ideas more clearly. Communication skills are essential in any role – whether you’re dealing with co-workers, patients, customers, or supervisors, you will need to effectively convey your plans, ideas, goals, and such. Math and science skills: Although calculators and computers are readily accessible, you still need to learn how to do basic computations and calculations on paper or in your head. If you are calculating dosages, counting surgical supplies, or tallying sales, math skills are imperative for a career, and for life. Cooking, shopping, driving, and many other everyday activities require math skills as well, regardless of your career choice. Ads The future of Speech www. jcu. edu. au/5stargrads Study Speech Pathology @ JCU Apply now for 2015! Distance Education wi. edu. au/Education_Diploma_Courses Online Teacher Education Courses. Apply for 2014, 3rd Session Intake The more you LEARN, the more you EARN: Have you ever noticed that the word LEARN contains the word EARN? Perhaps that is because the higher level of education you achieve, the higher level of income you are likely to command as well. For example, consider the following health careers and the educational requirements as they relate to annual income: Medical jobs, no college degree: Pay $20,000-40,000 annually, on average Allied Health Careers, two years of college: Pay from $40,000-60,000 annually. Nursing Careers, Associate’s or Bachelor Degree: Pay $40,000-55,000 on average annually. Advanced Nursing Careers, Master’s Degree required: Pay $60,000-90,000+ annually. Pharmacist, Bachelor’s, + PharmD: Pay $90,000-115,000 annually. Physician, Medical Doctorate required: Pay $120,000-$500,000+ annually Are you seeing the trend here? Clearly, education is important for financial growth in the healthcare field, as with many other careers. Many Employers Now Require Education for Employment: Another primary reason education is important, is that it’s become a basic requirement for so many employers, to even get your foot in the door. Many employers require college level education, even for roles which previously did not require it, such as administrative assistant positions. The fewer years of education you’ve completed, the fewer doors are open to you. It’s that simple. Educational requirements are a quick and easy way to narrow down the field of applicants, especially in situations where there are more applicants than jobs. When hiring from a field of candidates, employers prefer those who have completed the higher level of education. Why has education become so important to employers? In working with hiring managers to conduct candidate searches, it seems that the education requirement has become a barrier for entry into many careers, because education allows you to: Learn how to learn. School teaches you how to gather, learn, and apply knowledge. No matter what career you choose, you will need to learn procedures, information, and skills related to your job, and execute tasks based on that information and training. Develop interpersonal skills. School allows you to interact with other people and refine your communication skills, including those of persuasion, conflict resolution, and teamwork. Learn time and task management. Learn how to manage projects, deadlines, and complete assignments efficiently and effectively. Learn from experience of others. By attending school, you are able to learn from the experience and intellect of thousands of people who have gone before you. In just a few years, through your textbooks, research, and class lessons, school gives you a consolidated overview of theories, formulas, ideologies, and experiments conducted by generations of scientists, philosophers, mathematicians, historians, and other experts. While gaining your own personal work experience is helpful too, a formal education is a way to learn from centuries of others’ life and work and academic experience before you. As you can see, education is important to everyone, but education is even more important in the healthcare industry. Why? Technology, math and science are key components of many healthcare roles: Healthcare careers often require knowledge and understanding of the sciences, and technology. These fields are always changing and growing with new developments and discoveries. Therefore it’s imperative to have a basic understanding you can build on with continuing education throughout your career, to keep up with the latest changes and new information. Health professionals have a huge responsibility for the health, well-being, and survival of others. Therefore, health professionals must be particularly adept and relating to other people, learning and gathering information about a patient, and applying it to the treatment and care of that patient based on medical knowledge. For many healthcare roles, degrees and certifications are required for licensure to practice in a certain capacity. Many allied healthcare jobs require at least an associate’s degree, most nurses need bachelor’s degrees, and physicians and advanced practice nurses must have many years of post-graduate training to include master’s and doctorate degrees. Related Articles Healthcare Career Questions and Answers Education Levels and Employment Why You Should Get your Doctoral Degree How Much Education Do You Need for Criminal Justice and Criminology Careers? Legal Education and Training Our Expert Recommends Do I Need a College Degree to Work in the Medical Field? 5 Ways to Save on Tuition & Decrease Education Costs. 5 Ways to Pay for Education Without Piling on Major Debt Health Careers Essentials Young female nurse reading medical records by file cabinet at clinic – Hero Images/Digital Vision/Getty Images 6 Questions You Should Ask Before Choosing a Health Career Healthcare Basics – What to Know Before Pursuing a Health Career Home health aide helping elderly woman on a walk – AE Pictures Inc. /Taxi/Getty Images These 6 Medical Jobs Are in Demand Right Now Healthcare Basics – What to Know Before Pursuing a Health Career Happy female nurse looking away – Hero Images/Digital Vision/Getty Images The 6 Highest Paying Types of Medical Jobs Healthcare Compensation – How You’ll Get Paid, and How Much man drinking whiskey and smoking – Image Source/Digital Vision/Getty Images 5 Personal Habits That Could Kill Your Health Career Getting the Job – How to Secure Your Dream Job in Healthcare USA, New Jersey, Jersey City, Female doctor in hospital hallway – Tetra Images / Brand X Pictures / Getty Images Healthcare Career Questions and Answers Healthcare Basics – What to Know Before Pursuing a Health Career Careers Slideshows Low angle view of four children pretending to be grown-ups – George Doyle / Stockbyte / Getty Images Is Your Job in the Top 15 Kids’ Dream Jobs? Job Searching Woman in a gym on a running machine, she has headphones in a smartphone in an arm older – Gary Burchell/Digital Vision/Getty Images Top 15 Part Time Jobs for College Students Job Searching a double exposure of a young woman using a laptop and cityscape in the background – Jasper James / Stone / Getty Images 10 Highest Paying Jobs for Women Job Searching Careers – John Lamb / The Image Bank / Getty Images Tips for Finding an Amazing Career Career Planning Group of people with different occupations waving and smiling – LWA/The Image Bank/Getty Images 10 Best Jobs without a College Degree Job Searching. Readers Recommend Top Doctor Salaries How To Become an Anesthesiologist Career Overview and Prospects for Pharmacist Jobs The 6 Highest Paying Types of Medical Jobs Top 3 Paying Nursing Careers Today’s Top 5 Picks In Careers 5 Designers working together on a project – Cavan Images/Iconica/Getty Images 11 Tips To Help You Act Like a Professional By Dawn Rosenberg McKay Career Planning Expert 4 157859707. jpg – Will Working for Free Help You Find a Paying Job? By Alison Monahan Legal Careers Expert 3 Smiling coworkers in a meeting – Morsa Images/Digital Vision/Getty Images 6 Ways to Build a Network and Maximize Your Benefits. By Thomas Phelps Sales Careers Expert 2 Three stethoscopes on EKG – Gary S Chapman / Photographer’s Choice RF / Getty Images Best Cover Letter Tips for Medical Jobs By Andrea Santiago Health Careers Expert 1 – Getty Images Do You Want to Work with Cows? By Mary Hope Kramer Animal Careers Expert View More in Careers Careers Videos Phone Interview Tips Am I Eligible for Unemployment? Illegal Job Interview Questions View More Ads Career List Bachelor Degree Master Special Education Career Guide Social Work Degrees About. com About Careers Health Careers. Medical Education – Training and Education Required for Health Careers Why Is Education So Important for Success? Today’s Top Stories Container of marijuana for sale – Steve Cicero/Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images 7 Reasons Marijuana is Illegal in Most Places By Tom Head Civil Liberties Expert Couple kissing in restaurant – Cultura/Liam Norris/Riser/Getty Images 50 Great Date Ideas to Keep Your Marriage Fresh By Francesca Di Meglio Newlyweds Expert Help your child learn to listen – Mark Cacovic How to Make Your Child Become a Better Listener By Amanda Rock Preschoolers Expert Thirteen scariest cars – 13 Terrifying Cars to Drive By Aaron Gold Cars Expert ganesha – Image Source /Getty Images Breve historia del yoga By Beatriz Davila El yoga Expert AphroChic: These South African Rugs Are The Perfect Way To Bring Color Home – 11 Beautiful South African-Inspired Rugs By AphroChic Interior Decorating Expert Red White and Blue Gummies – Elizabeth LaBau How to Make Red, White, and Blue Gummies By Elizabeth LaBau Candy Expert Traditional Chinese Medicine – Getty Images Taxi 3 Completely Untrue Myths About Asthma By Pat Bass, MD Asthma Expert Woman applying eye cream – Hero Images/Getty Images. 11 Makeup Tricks That Will Take Years Off By Julyne Derrick Beauty Expert Dog groomer grooming pomeranian – JGI/Jamie Grill/Blend Images/Getty Images Oops! 10 Things You Left Out of Your Budget By Paula Pant Budgeting & Personal Finance Expert – Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Wearables at Work By Priya Viswanathan Mobile Devices Expert Lyndon Baines Johnson – Keystone/Hulton Archive/Getty Images 10 Things to Know About Lyndon B. Johnson By Martin Kelly American History Expert Smores – Michael Phillips/E+/Getty Images Happy Toasted Marshmallow Day! Celebrate With S’mores By David Sweet. Camping Expert Inspirational Bible Verses – Juan Estey / Getty Images 17 Inspirational Bible Verses to Uplift Your Spirit By Mary Fairchild Christianity Expert Clayton Kershaw – Harry How/Getty Images Sport/Getty Images Major League Baseball Payroll Rankings By Kevin Kleps MLB Expert Michael Jackson performing during the Victory Tour, 1984 – Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images Michael Jackson’s 10 Biggest Hits By Bill Lamb Top 40/Pop Expert Container of marijuana for sale – Steve Cicero/Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images 7 Reasons Marijuana is Illegal in Most Places By Tom Head Civil Liberties Expert. Couple kissing in restaurant – Cultura/Liam Norris/Riser/Getty Images 50 Great Date Ideas to Keep Your Marriage Fresh By Francesca Di Meglio Newlyweds Expert Help your child learn to listen – Mark Cacovic How to Make Your Child Become a Better Listener By Amanda Rock Preschoolers Expert Thirteen scariest cars – 13 Terrifying Cars to Drive By Aaron Gold Cars Expert ganesha – Image Source /Getty Images Breve historia del yoga By Beatriz Davila El yoga Expert AphroChic: These South African Rugs Are The Perfect Way To Bring Color Home – 11 Beautiful South African-Inspired Rugs By AphroChic Interior Decorating Expert. Red White and Blue Gummies – Elizabeth LaBau How to Make Red, White, and Blue Gummies By Elizabeth LaBau Candy Expert Traditional Chinese Medicine – Getty Images Taxi 3 Completely Untrue Myths About Asthma By Pat Bass, MD Asthma Expert Woman applying eye cream – Hero Images/Getty Images 11 Makeup Tricks That Will Take Years Off By Julyne Derrick Beauty Expert Dog groomer grooming pomeranian – JGI/Jamie Grill/Blend Images/Getty Images Oops! 10 Things You Left Out of Your Budget By Paula Pant Budgeting & Personal Finance Expert Everything About Careers Job Search & Career Planning Job Searching Career Planning Human Resources. Work-at-Home Moms Working Moms Internships More Business & Finance Financial Careers Legal Careers Sales Careers Management & Leadership Marketing Advertising Consulting/Freelance More Media & Arts Tech Careers Music Careers Fiction Writing Freelance Writing Journalism Film/TV Careers Architecture Modeling Fine Art More More Careers US Military Criminology Careers Animal Careers Government Careers Sports Careers Nonprofit Charitable Orgs Therapy Careers More About Careers Follow us: We deliver. Get the best of About Careers in your inbox. You can opt-out at any time. Please refer to our privacy policy for contact information. Our Story Advertise News Site Map All Topics Reprints Help Write for About Careers at About User Agreement Ethics Policy Patent Info Bizarre Entertainment Health How to Lifestyle Most Expensive Tech Travel Internet More List Crux Home > Education > Why Education is extremely Important? 10 Reasons Education How to Lifestyle Why Education is extremely Important? 10 Reasons By ankita Shrivastava | July 8, 20141 Comment 1 Education for all means has been the most important debate in all stages of society, progress and development. This might build in you the question as to why everyone is running behind education? What is it that makes us bind to education and makes it the center of attraction to all the aristocrats, law makers, parents and elders? Education isn’t about my marks or your standard its about knowledge and how well you are aware of the happenings around you. A person who is awakened knows what’s best for him/her, knows the difference between right and wrong and that’s when he is known as educated. 10. SOCIETY society We live in an ever progressing and developing society. Education in this society is not only a demarcation of the wealthy and poor but also of the uneducated and educated. Your reputation and social image is dependent on your educational qualifications. More than your salary, caste, creed or religion, people care about your degree for it demarks you from the rest. Society is also a cluster of different people, to deal with each we need knowledge of the system as well as our rights and duties which is only taught to us through different mediums of education. This helps us become a member of the society we live in and participate actively in the changes and development required in the society. 9. THE DIFFERENCE the difference. For education also makes us gain the knowledge of differentiating between different aspects of work, life and curriculum. For a person who isn’t educated he/she cannot discriminate as to when he is being fooled or when the stats are true. Country works on a certain curriculum, to follow those routes like in banks, government offices and day to day needs we need to be educated so that no one can hoax us with their knowledge. Your way of talking, perception and interaction in a social gathering shall always stand out compared to the one who is illiterate. 8. NOBODY CAN FOOL YOU nobody can fool you. The lower class of the society is often faced with the issue of not being literate like those who are more privileged, living in urban dynasties. Hence often the selfish urban tend to use the innocence and illiteracy of the uneducated in their favor. Often we come across cases where the farmers sign across wrong papers and have to face long life penalty for giving their land to someone else. This is only because the farmer is illiterate and hence can be easily fooled by words. Whereas an educated person is smart enough to demarcate the cunningness of those around and is less probable to be shot by such cases. 7. INDEPENDENT independent Education makes your growth optimum and helps you become independent to start your own life. It makes you reliable on your instincts and knowledge to take the right decision that does not harm your image and respect. An independent thought process is developed when your brain is open to all the forms of life and knowledge about how advanced the world has become and you witness the improvement in lifestyle. This makes you create your own mentality rather than being a herd follower of your ancestors it also gives you a broader outlook towards life and your career. 6. KNOWLEDGEABLE knowledgable. Education makes you knowledgeable, it makes you stand tall in a discussion and participate enthusiastically with no shame of going dumb. Knowledge makes you aware, potentially updated and also open minded. A person who lacks knowledge is considered to be foolish and regarded as either a learner or an illiterate. Though knowledge might turn to against you if not used in the best of intentions and calibre. 5. STABILITY stability When you are educated, you shall get a job easily. A career can be established by your credits and achievements in the educational field. This not only makes you independent but also helps you create a living. Stability comes when you are on your own, this cannot be achieved until you can excel in all forms and fields with a rigorous effort on scrubbing your caliber. We are all blank frames until and unless a drawing is not drawn, the frame shall remain un noticed and blank. If it is a good image, carefully drawn, specialized by critics the final result shall be explicit compared to rough drawings done by an un- experienced artist hence to be stable and be valued by the world we need education. Education shall support our endeavor and also speak on our behalf of our credits. 4. LIVING living. For a living, it has become mandatory for a citizen to be educated. Not only they are termed as barriers or qualifications to cross before coming in for an interview, but education also decides your performance in an interview. An educated person is aware of his surroundings and therefore can give explicit answers to questions asked whereas an illiterate might not be able to comprehend the questions that shall be bombarded on him. Moreover to apply for a job, the educational qualifications of a student act as the eligibility criteria which is must before the student is able to fill an application. Education opens to the world of our own where we can earn and form a living for ourselves. 3. SENSE OF RIGHT AND WRONG right and wrong To know if you are right, you should might as well know, WHAT IS RIGHT? If we go by terms of what people say there will be a huge confusion in our understanding, leading us to unwanted and fraud situations. This can only be corrected or check if we are educated enough to not be waved away. When a small child is given a toffee, he/she accepts it without understanding its ingredients, taste or what it might do to their health. Though if the same toffee is given to an educated person, he/she can sense the difference by checking their ingredients, taste or smell. This is because experience can education has made them aware of the difference between right and wrong. 2. WISDOM wisdom Education is often compared with wisdom. A person who is educated has wisdom and knowledge. Wisdom to know the correct and knowledge to reason it. Wisdom acts as the stepping stone during a person’s growth. A matured person is often considered to have more wisdom than a teenager because he/she has faced the cons of life and come out with experience that make them smart, careful and aware. These things can be taught to you in school/ colleges or by your parents or by personal experience but when we lack the urge to learn it is then that are downfall starts. 1. CAREER career A career makes our identity, it also decides our work frame, area of interest, caliber and future. This career holds true only when a person is educated. Education gives him/her the knowledge of their field so that they can pursue the career of their interest full fledged. On the contrary those who are illiterate are considered for labor jobs which do not require understanding, knowledge or development. They act as a source to the needs of the educated. Hence to have a secure and balanced career we need to work hard, learn new things, gain knowledge, spread our experience, help the society and become educated. Related posts: Top 10 Ways to Know That a Person is Lying Top 10 Ways to get Romantic when you Get Old Top 10 Reasons to have Trekking as a Hobby 10 Personality Traits of Person with Capricorn Astrological Sun Sign Top 10 Important things Money Can’t Buy Top 10 Characteristics of Hazel Eyed People Related Itemscareereducationimportance of basic educationlifewisdom of crowds ankita Shrivastava. < Previous Story Top 10 Ways to get to Know your Sibling Better Next Story > 10 Things Girls should Avoid on the First Date You may also like†¦ Skip a class Top 10 things to do Before You are 21 sweden Top 10 Best Countries for Higher Education 5. Remember It Happens to Everyone Top 10 Ways to Overcome an Embarrassing Moment Search Recent Posts 10 Reasons why Family Traditions are Important 10 Fun Things to do While Camping Top 10 Popular Video Games Played by Adults Top 10 Movies to Watch this Christmas Top 10 Ways to Double up the Adventure on a Trip Categories Bizarre Education Entertainment Food Health History How to Internet. Lifestyle More Most Expensive Relationships Tech Travel Follow us on Twitter About Advertise Contact Disclaimer Privacy Policy Write for Us List Crux All kinds of facts on diverse topics are condensed into interesting top 10 lists by our curious, intelligent and well informed authors. From movies to music, from food to clothes, from gadgets to natural beauty, you will find a huge variety of heterogeneous information in the form of captivating lists here. Copyright  © 2013 ListCrux. com Calender August 2014 M T W T F S S  « Jul 123 45678910 11121314151617 18192021222324 25262728293031 Search Archives August 2014 July 2014 June 2014 May 2014. April 2014 January 2014 December 2013 November 2013 It Gives Knowledge â€Å"An investment in knowledge pays the best interest. † – Benjamin Franklin A direct effect of education is knowledge gain. Education gives us knowledge of the world around. It develops in us a perspective of looking at life. It helps us form opinions and develop a point of view. The information we are constantly bombarded with, cannot be converted into knowledge without the catalyst called education. Education makes us capable of interpreting things rightly and applying the gathered information in real life scenarios. Education is not limited to lessons from textbooks. Real education is obtained from the lessons taught by life. It Leads to Career Progression â€Å"An expert is one who knows more and more about less and less. † – Nicholas M. Butler Education is important because it equips us with the expertise that is needed in helping us realize our career goals. Expertise is an in-depth knowledge about a specific field and it’s ought to open doors to brilliant career opportunities. Education fetches better prospects of career growth. Good education is an eligibility criterion for employment in any sector of the industry. Be it any field, education always proves to be rewarding. We  are weighed in the market on the basis of our educational skills and on how well we can apply them. It Builds Character â€Å"A man’s own manner and character is what most becomes him. † – Marcus Tullius Cicero The words ‘cultivate’ and ‘civilize’ are synonymous with ‘educate’. That says it all. Education is important as it teaches us the right behavior and good manners, thus making us civilized. It is the basis of culture and civilization. It is instrumental in the development of our values and virtues. Education cultivates us into mature individuals; individuals capable of planning for the future, and taking the right decisions in life. It gives us an insight into living, and teaches us to learn from experience. It makes us self-confident, and develops our†¦ Continues for 2 more pages  » Read full document Full access is free for premium users. Add to Library (0) Download Print Report this Essay Facebook Twitter Google+ Send Rate This Document 4. 5 1 2 3 4 5 Read full document Full access is free for premium users. Document Details Words: 790 Related Essays why is education so impo †¦ isn’t cool it puts stress in many people’s life. So think before you act or speak†¦ 1 Pages Why Is Childhood so Impo †¦ Why Is Childhood Important? Written by Evan Bailyn on 06/20 at†¦ 3 Pages Why Poetry Is so Importa †¦ on the writer’s feelings, history and perceptions, so every person has the†¦ 2 Pages Why English so important †¦ article was downloaded by: [Hong Kong Institute of Education] On: 19 November†¦ 41 Pages Why Is History so Import †¦ Why is History so important? My mom always told me†¦ 1 Pages Cite This Essay APA (2013, 12). Why is Education so Important? Academic degree. (2016, Sep 22).

Packaging Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Packaging - Assignment Example For instance, take the caress soap box. The caress soap box comes in a variety of colors depending on the ingredients sought. The box itself can be yellow, pink or brown. The yellow represents the original version while pink offers more moisture. The latest edition, which is the brown box, offers the deep penetrating moisture that is in high demand. The caress box has become typical for the soap sector. The vast majority of soap companies now offer variety in selection and uses packaging to differentiate one box from another. Different icons, such as pictures of moisture yielding fruit like coconuts, or pictures of aloe are finding itself on the cover of many soap boxes from different manufacturers. These packages are thorough and offer good explanations as to their functions just from the color of the box. One way to enhance the packaging is to show samples of before and after photos. Demonstrating pictures of dry, scaly skin turning moisturized could improve the packaging. Or, the packages could be improved by changing the shape of the box to represent the function of the soap. For example, soap created to induce moisture may come in an oval

Unit 6 Scenario B-2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 6 Scenario B-2 - Essay Example This memo will also highlight the differences between monetary and fiscal policies, what are the pros and cons associated with each type of policy? Is either policy more effective in increasing output growth or stabilizing inflation and unemployment? With reference to the tax changes, a decrease in the tax rates would help achieve the desired increase in output.i.e lower the tax rates more people will buy meaning the demand will be high and so the output would be high .this decrease in tax rates would further imply an increase in the equilibrium price, the output and the unemployment rate. Furthermore if we analyze, we can foresee the following Pro’s and Con’s of the situation discussed above; pro’s being the fact that the unemployment rates will decrease the Marginal Propensity to consume (MPC) and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) will Increase subsequently. One very serious aspect which is a definite Con; the governments Tax Revenue will decrease. The changes in open Market operations to achieve the desired increase in output would imply the following: the central bank will increase their government securities, people will spend more and thus the output will rise. This flux will then imply the following trend; an increase in the equilibrium price, an increase in the output and a subsequent decrease in the unemployment rate. Elaborating on the relationship between the deficits and national debt, we would like to mention the fact s that need to be considered here .In order to understand how both national debt and deficits go hand in hand; A budget deficit will imply an increase in the size of the national debt, only by the amount of the deficit .Conversely, if there is a budget surplus it will allow the government to pay off the bond holders thus reducing the size of the national debt. The difference between the monetary and fiscal policy is obvious as by monetary policy is meant all actions that a government takes to control the

The Rising Economic Importance of Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

The Rising Economic Importance of Women - Essay Example rmination model with three component parts: the individual-level segment, which includes variables such as education and age; the structural-level segment, which includes variables such as hours worked per week, industry, and occupation; a gender-level segment, which includes variables such as sex, marital status, and with child under age six. Results indicate that, net of other factors, women earn $111.21 less per week than men in spite of having a higher percentage of college degrees and positions in white-collar high-skill employment. Analysis of the results suggests that there are two potential means by which the pay-gap can be reduced. Women are typically, either by choice or because they are forced, selected into gender homogenous positions such as education or healthcare that are devalued. Women therefore need to select positions that will generate a more heterogeneous employment structure and pursue occupations in typically male dominated areas. Additionally, the enactment of a Pay Equity Act could further restore the balance and redistribute income by evaluating positions based on the value of their work and not based on sex, race, or other personal/individual attributes. Four decades have passed since the enactment of the Equal Pay Act (1963), but are we any closer to gender equality? The Equal Pay Act was created as a result of the large income discrepancies that existed for individuals doing the same work and was termed pay discrimination. Throughout the years many justifications have been put forth for unequal pay based on gender with the predominant being the sex difference in productivity. Sex segregation, the division of labor based on gender, has existed from almost the beginning and is arguably one of the most profound reasons why the pay-gap still exists today. The Equal Pay Act has done little to address this issue because it only addresses gender income differences for those individuals occupying the same positions. Another justification for

Employee Relations in Marks and Spencer Case Study

Employee Relations in Marks and Spencer - Case Study Example However, with fast technological developments and greater linkages between various countries around the world, there was greater competitiveness in the retail sector thus creating a need to adopt less adversarial approaches to employee relations. The Company realised that they had to engage their employees a little more. This led to some of the present staff management practices adopted by the company. The company has tried instituting some sound principles within management but there are still certain problems here and there. (M&S, 2007b) In the past, there were no cases of Sunday trading. Workers in the retail sector counted on the fact that their work arrangements did not necessitate additional efforts. However after introduction of Sunday trading in the UK, there was a need for all retail companies to adjust their employee schedules to suit this change. Marks and Spencer was no exception; in response to this change, it created flexible hours for its employees so that it could allow employees to balance their social life with their careers. In the early nineties, most workers within the retail sector used to work for a period of thirty six to thirty eight hours per week. In Marks and Spencer, eighty percent of their employees used to comply with this rule. But currently, most workers need to put in more hours in order to meet demand. M&S have adjusted to this through employment of more workers and through better employee schedules. (Mellahi et al, 2002) Trade Union Actions The TUC is one of the most influential bodies in the United Kingdom especially when it comes to protecting workers rights. Marks and Spencer has had to watch out for the activities and protests conducted by some trade Unions. One such example occurred in the year 2001. Marks and Spencer has opened up some stores in different parts of the world including France. The Company had made the decision to close all the stores in Europe and halt operations immediately. This was one of the most controversial issues the retail giant has ever faced. In a speech made by the TUC General Secretary, the Union highlighted the fact that Marks and Spencer were not really faced with financial difficulties in those operations. The Union also asserted that the closures were simply and endeavour by the organisation to impress City sentiments rather. They believed that the company was not really concerned with issues surrounding profit making. TUC also said that they were trying to protect foreign worker's rights in general. Marks and Spencer tends to export their bad employment practices into other countries. The Trade Union brought to the forefront the issue of complacency prevailing in M&S stores. The Company had not been very considerate at some stage in their firing and hiring processes. These practices are quite common in the UK despite their notoriety. But in some European countries like France, these employment practices are quite unlawful. The trade Union spoke about how M&S has been sacking employees without notice in those countries and how it faced the full arm of the law. (Storey et al, 2005) TUC advocated for more dialogue and consultations between employees and employers at all times and not when issues have spiralled out of control. The actions of this trade Union and others have caused M&S to change some of its employment practi

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of UK participation in single Research Proposal

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of UK participation in single currency euro .will the British business be better or worse off if u decides to participate - Research Proposal Example After establishing the rough draft, it was proof read to see where it was lacking. After identifying the lack in the draft, further evidence and research work was added to authenticate each word and to ensure that the words are meaningful, and depict research and analysis. Again the draft was formulated, again read, revised and the process was conducted a few times, and finally when it was felt that the final version is ready, it was proof read a final time, before adding reference list, in text citations, appendices, etc. I then gave it to a mentor for a check to ensure things were all correct. A few issues were identified which were resolved then and there only. Finally, the work was ready to be submitted. It took me a good 3 days to complete the work and ensure that it was completed.

Ancient goddesses of the middle east Research Paper

Ancient goddesses of the middle east - Research Paper Example In most cases, these civilizations have left behind a great deal of artifacts that suggest the types of religions they practiced, most being of a polytheistic or multi-god format, as well as evidence of what these gods and goddesses represented. Today, the region is more often associated with the advent of Christianity and the concept of a one-god religion, so it is interesting to note the polytheistic tendencies and perhaps examine some of the more specific details of these tendencies to determine how or why the transition was made to a male-dominated religious tradition that would span more than 2000 years. Was it a reaction to an overly powerful, highly restrictive goddess cult? As a means of trying to isolate this grander question, it would be helpful to have some understanding of the greater goddesses of the Mesopotamian region, their powers and their development over time to determine whether the legends provide any support for the Great Goddess legend. Many people assume that the earliest civilizations worshipped a Great Goddess. She was a solitary figure that gave birth to all life on Earth and was responsible for everything on it – much like the God or Allah of the modern day. Evidence for her existence is found in a number of things such as the statuary that has been discovered and some of the myths that have been passed down. Decorative art in societies such as the ancient Minoans indicate women holding high places in society (Goodison & Morris, 1998). It is assumed that a society worshipping a Great Goddess such as this would be organized according to matrilineal lines with the female gender holding much of the power. â€Å"That at least some of the peoples †¦ new-comers encountered were matriarchal and Goddess-worshipping was accepted by even such hard-headed (and influential) archaeologists as V. Gordon

Money and the federal reserve system Term Paper

Money and the federal reserve system - Term Paper Example The Federal Reserve had always played an immense role in controlling the financially crucial situations ever originated in the USA. Its instruments come in the form of feasible monetary policies that take care not only of any present crisis but also those of the future. A good example is its mode of activities in the face of the recent global meltdown that not only helped in controlling the crisis but included measures to effectively control any aftermath. The present paper deals with the institution’s monetary policies which from time to time had acted like a shield against an economic crisis, for the country. 2 One of the commonest names which often come up as one of the strongest financial regulatory bodies in the world is that of the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve, often abbreviated as the Fed, being the apex financial institution of USA is responsible for designing the monetary policies of the economy and hence for controlling the flow of money in the nation. Since the amount of money supply is a decisive factor behind the credit availability and hence that of any inflationary developments in an economy, the importance of the institution cannot be slighted. Inflation can often have larger outcomes, ranging from severe unemployment to that of a financial crisis. Thus, there must be an institution in every nation entrusted with taking care of the vice; the Federal Reserve does the job in USA (Schenk, n.d.). The Fed has been conferred the responsible of planning the monetary policies for USA since . Its basic objective had been to work-out a feasible solution given the prevailing economic condition of the economy so as to provide a brighter and better future to the countrymen. However, the string of the ultimate power of the bank is largely bestowed in the hands of the Congress. Recently though, on October 2008, the grips have been loosened a bit and the bank has been given the right to endow

Taking a Stance on Capital Punishment Essay Example for Free

Taking a Stance on Capital Punishment Essay Who are we to decide who should live and who should die? Who are we to decide that the punishment should not fit the crime? Who are we to consider mercy for the merciless? These are just a few questions I would love to be able to ask someone like Carrie Marie Scott, Janna Bruce, or Sheila Whalen but I can not, they all were murdered by Stephen Peter Morin. Stephen was one of the â€Å"botched† executions by lethal injection. It took the technicians almost 45 minutes to find a suitable vein to administer the sentence. I wonder how long it took his three victims to die as he raped and tortured them in a van he sound proofed. As for the time he suffered on the table getting needles stuck in him, I hope it does not happen to anyone that did not torture and kill three innocent people. Where is the humanity for the victims? Then there is the botched execution of John Wayne Gacy. This man tortured and killed over 25 people after his first conviction of child molestation in 1968; yet it is inhumane that his execution took 18 minutes longer to complete than normal because of a clogged IV tube? Perhaps we should ask the family of his victims if it took longer than 18 minutes for them to get over the death of their loved ones. Where is the humanity for the victims? What of the Hodges family? Richard Hodges and his 75 year old mother Mildred were both murdered by suffocation by Bert Leroy Hunter and Tomas Ervin. On December 15th, 1988; Hunter and Ervin broke into the Hodges’ family home at gun point to rob them. The Hodges’ were bound with duct tape and had plastic bags put over their heads causing them to suffocate. Death by suffocation can take upwards of eight minutes to happen; try holding your breath for a minute and you will realize the agony of this death. When hunter was executed his body convulsed violently; but this is the inhumane aspect of this entire ordeal. I feel that I would be cheating the family if I did not mention that this crime was committed after Hunter got out of jail for his first conviction of murder and in jail is where he met his accomplice Ervin. Where is the humanity for the victims? What is a lethal injection? It is a very basic process where Sodium Thiopental is used to put the person to sleep, then Pancuronium is administered to paralyze the muscles, and Potassium Chloride is used to stop the heart; if this is not given the person would die of asphyxiation from the Pancuronium. The person has an IV in both arms although one is only used as a backup in case the main fails. The person on the execution table will always have one right that he or she did not allow their victim to have; the right to die with their dignity. When you look at the very basic facts of this, that no one should take a life; everything is very simple. When people say that â€Å"this poor person died on the execution table in a horrible way;† it is really easy to take a stance and say that it is wrong. The problem is that this is a heavily flawed perspective based on initial reactions without digging further and finding the details about how the ended up on that execution table in the first place. It all comes down to protecting the ones we are supposed to protect; the people who do NOT break the law and their rights have far been overlooked for rights of the ones who victimized them. So you ask for a stance and I will take one: Killing people is wrong, but the people who have killed people should not have a voice in their treatment of way they die; their victims did not. I support lethal injection and capital punishment. So long as people are willing to kill other people in cold blood; I am willing to see them off to their demise and not stand in the way.

Obesity In Children And Adolescence Essay Example for Free

Obesity In Children And Adolescence Essay Obesity in children and adolescence has become a major issue throughout America. Parents do not realize the health problems that their children have or will acquire later on in life. Obesity is a huge health issue, although it can be avoided by children becoming more active, changing their diet, or even taking away their video games. Children do not know any better, therefore, when parents over indulge them; eating large amounts becomes a learned behavior leading to obesity. Parents should encourage their child(ren) to become active as one of the ways to avoid obesity. Signing their children up to play in local sports leagues that their community may have such as t-ball and wee-ball for smaller kids or soccer, baseball, and basketball for older kids is a great way to keep them active. These sports are seasonal, which may help the child not feel overwhelmed with so much at once, then again being seasonal will help keep the child active all year around. Extra-curricular activities are a great way to keep older kids or teens active. High schools all over the country participate in track, cross-country, volleyball, swimming, even dance teams. Being active and working on physical fitness are just a few ideas to keep your body’s metabolism high and avoid obesity. A child’s diet has a massive impact on their weight, therefore maintaining a healthy eating routine will also prevent obesity. Although now a days America’s nuclear family has developed into a single parent family, the parent cannot slack off. Time is very limited but is not an excuse to tell the children â€Å"Hey kids we’ll grab some McDonalds on the way!† Even as a single parent there is still time to sit down and plan a menu with better food choices. Since the kids are at school all week that just means the menu only has to be for breakfast and dinner except on the weekends and days off. Taking time for the child’s eating routine is necessary and could save worry and struggles later on. Eating less fast food will definitely cut calories and over indulging, drinking more water, juice, and less soda will help as well. Video games! Children and teens absolutely love their video games, but are they playing on them too much? Video games encourage plenty of inside time, take away from the child running around and getting dirty because of eating a mud pie, and the child develops bad eating habits. By taking away the video game for a few hours you could go outside and run through the sprinkler in the summertime, or rake leaves in the fall. Going to the park could also be an alternative for the video games. Some chores would be helpful, having the child active to earn some Xbox or game time is an idea. It is surprising to think that burning calories and working out by just doing a little bit of cleaning around the house actually helps. Obesity is a huge health issue, although it can be avoided by children becoming more active, changing their diet, or even taking away their video games. These three solutions are just some food for thought, there are plenty more ideas and fun ways to stay away from the big issue; obesity. Children cannot avoid it on their own, it all starts at home. As a parent take charge and guide your child through a healthy life and lifestyle.

Personal Reflection In The Medicine Curriculum Personal Development Essay

Personal Reflection In The Medicine Curriculum Personal Development Essay The basic sciences are a ubiquitous component of the medical course and comprehensive understanding of all subjects is fundamental in developing a solid foundation on which to build an understanding of the clinical sciences. Like many students, my biggest issue with the transition into the tertiary education system was primarily the different teaching approach, which accommodated predominately auditory learners. Having always been a highly visual and kinesthetic learner, I found subjects such as biochemistry, physiology and microbiology very difficult to understand, not only in terms of the overwhelming vocabulary but the underlying concepts and principles. Animations I found online and through textbook supplementary resources, uncovered a whole new world of understanding for me, allowing me to physically visualise concepts which were once beyond my comprehension. Prior to each scenario I now search for online animations that can illustrate to me the basic concepts which provide me a visual framework from which I can continue my learning for that scenario. Feedback from my first two assignments concerning this capability provided very little help, it was only once I received my first P- and corresponding constructive criticism that I was Overall lacking necessary details that I strived to improve on this capability. The feedback reminded me to critically asses my resources and to be meticulous with the quality of information, improving my research technique and being more scrupulous with my information, my subsequent assignments improved in quality. This was validated by the positive feedback I received of A very clear and accurate; In all very well described and understood. After numerous lighthearted attempts to cease smoking after 3 pack years, I found the subject matter of my HM A assignment, Varenicline, a new smoking cessation drug, very interesting. Understanding the neurobiological perspective of addiction and withdrawal through the action of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and understanding the clinical manifestation and pathology underlying serious health consequences of tobacco-related illnesses such as cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases persuaded me to give a serious effort to cease smoking, whereby I could now make the connections between the pathology with clinical symptoms I was experiencing first hand. I feel this could be very useful and important when communicating with future patients, being able to explain the medical sciences underlying a condition or presenting symptom could help them understand more personally. I have noticed the latest health prevention methods on quitting smoking are following the same principle wh ereby they emphasise the association of a smokers cough and emphysema. Through Phase One I have been able to gain an appreciation of the contributions of each subject and find that no one subject is any more or less important than the next in the context of medical knowledge. A solid understanding of anatomy and histology, provide the foundations for understanding the physiological processes of human life, which set the tone for how these normal functions can go wrong through pathological disturbances which reveal themselves ultimately as clinical manifestations. I feel there is still a massive proportion of knowledge that I still have to retain, and hope through the progressive phases I gain as much basic science knowledge as I can.       Social and Cultural Aspects of Health and Disease Prior to entering the medicine course, I was oblivious to the social and cultural aspects of health and disease. It did not take long for me to realise the importance of these influences on individual health attitudes, disease progression and health care access, soon becoming my one of favourite components of the medicine curriculum. My first individual assignment assessed the role of social and cultural factors in the aetiology of eating disorders, and depression in adolescents who experienced weight-teasing. Although I found each individual case unique in regards to aetiology and contributing factors, culture, ethnicity, acculturation and socio-economic status all played important roles in disease development. Furthermore my group project analysed Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual (GLB) Youth health and perceptions in the rural community. The group project caught me off-guard, because I had realised I had completely forgotten about the rural community and through the project I discovered t he vast comparison between metropolitan health care and rural health. Living in metropolitan Sydney for twenty one years it is easy to forget about the broader community, GLBY living in conservative rural towns face problems of judgement and confidentiality issues, along with the absence or lack of access of support in rural communities which perpetuates the startling statistics of double the suicide rates and risky sexual behavior in GLBY in rural communities compared to metropolitan GLBY. Having few opportunities to experience the rural health care system, I am highly anticipating my rural placement in Phase 3.     Ã‚   My assignment on the ethics of Brain Death and Withdrawing Life Support revealed to me the ethical, legal, cultural and religious diversity in a pluralistic society where the differences between the patient and the medical team are an underappreciated barrier to effective, cooperative treatment and care especially when negotiating a sensitive and dignified process of dying. The differences in the process of ethical reasoning, cosmologies, and key moral concepts between religions must be understood and respected as a medical professional. For example Catholicism considers the withdrawal of life support acceptable if the support is merely maintaining life and merely delaying death; whereas Judaism has a rigorous commitment to the sacredness of life and Orthodox Jewish patients must accept all treatments that will preserve every possible moment of life. Understanding and appreciating these differences is mandatory living in our multicultural and pluralistic society. Although my Transplant Tourism assignment was not catergorised under this capability, I learnt a lot from it in terms of the disparity between health standards in a Newly Industrialised Economy and that of a Developed country. The donation of a kidney is often not an expression of individual autonomy and an altruistic gesture, but rather acts of desperation by impoverished individuals, exploited by a corrupt system which lacks the basic governing power to intervene. Nephrectomy, having little long term consequences when performed in a developed country, poorer living conditions, unsatisfactory professional misconduct, lack of support and medications, and poor access to medical resources and education result in a decline in health status for many donors in newly industrializing economies. As Australia grows as one of worlds largest multicultural communities, I believe this translates into our medical practice as patients who not only have specific medical conditions related to their n ationality, but specific medical experiences which can hinder effective patient management between patient and practitioner. For example my partners parents have very little faith in the health system, based on experiences they have had in their home country. Where there are few uncorrupt regulatory bodies to maintain high levels of care and professional conduct. So if a doctor acts with unsatisfactory professional misconduct, performs beyond their qualifications or engages in over servicing to increase profits, which occurs recurrently, there is little the patient can do. This perpetuates a distrust of doctors and the health system which they carry with them when they come to Australia. Culture specific management is imperative in the social context of Australia and I look forward to learning more about the different cultures, societies and religions, particularly rural health implications in Australia. Patient Assessment and Management Competent patient assessment and management is critical in providing quality health services to patients, and can determine or improve prognosis if done appropriately and effectively. The challenges of case studies within the course are thoroughly enjoyable and have allowed me to observe how the medical knowledge that we accumulate from varying aspects of medicine collaborate and integrate. This however took some time to understand, as the lack of knowledge of the clinical sciences, management methods and generally everything made amalgamating the information into a cohesive and comprehendible scenario very difficult. I feel the more knowledge I learn throughout the course, the more confident I get as I am able to make connections between previous scenarios and understand more comprehensively the patients situation. An accident involving my friend and a scooter whilst in Thailand was an experience that demonstrated to me the utmost importance of effective assessment and management. The ambulance which was called, had very minimal medical equipment, with the paramedic using used gloves to assess his open wounds, the standards of care did not improve at the medical clinic so my friend thought it best if I take him back to the hotel and I look after him myself. Using basic knowledge from classes focusing on infection prevention and using skills from my senior first aid course, I did the best I could. The experience taught me the value of being fully competent and having a wide understanding of all facets of medicine from clinical sciences, patient assessment, and social and cultural contributions to disease. Furthermore, Understanding the principles behind basic procedural skills and being able to conduct and explain to the patient proper technique behind examinations such as a spirometry is of absolute importance as I was to find out when I went to my GP for a recreational scuba diver examination. My lung function tests returned with an FEV1/FEC% of 59%, indicating I had severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)! The nurse corrected my technique and he had me repeat the test several times, still yielding the same result. It was not until my doctor watched me perform the test and noted the error in my technique, that I yielded a normal FEV1/FEC% of 98%. This experience made me realise the absolute importance of understanding the proper technique of assessment skills as it can make a dramatic difference in patient diagnosis and its implications and also patient confidence in both the practice and the practitioner. Effective Communication Effective communication is essential as it has positive effects on health outcomes, patient satisfaction, therapy compliance and even symptom resolution.    To my surprise I found effective communication to be my weakest capability. When I entered this course, I had little doubts about my communicative abilities, and was even somewhat arrogant towards being taught how to be an effective communicator. Rapport has always been easy for me to establish, allowing me to perform well in superficial meet/greet, factual situations such as in clinical sessions at hospital and at work as a student liaison officer. I am also comfortable communicating to groups of people, often volunteering to undertake the project presentations in scenario group and having no issues talking to complete strangers. However it was not until my communication assignment that my illusions were overturned and I was confronted with my poor communication skills when it comes to something much more meaningful and personal. I was very disappointed at my performance during the interview, although I understand the methods and principles of effective communication, demonstrated by my various Ps and P+s in written assignments, positive feedback in capabilities and my reference letter from my current employer, when I try put it into practice in an interview situation, my composure deteriorates. My nervousness and insecurities hinder me from expressing eloquently what it is I am trying to present, leading to poor inappropriate responses, and my lack of confidence and inability to juggle input and output information concurrently made my responses jumpy and ineffective. I hope with more experience in interview situations I can build my confidence and learn how to compose myself by following a suitable structure and concentrating on the patient and actively listening rather than preoccupying myself with thoughts of what should I ask next?; Am I doing this wrong?. The communications assignment revealed more to me than just my inability to communicate effectively but more so the fact that I struggle to connect with people beyond the superficial, it made me realise I had many friends, but none of which I had a substantial relationship with. I have taken on the plan to learn better communication skills which is a much more mentally demanding and complex process than simply conversing with an individual. Reaching this higher level of skill and fulfillment in living and working with others will require effort, conscious attention, and practice with other people. I can become more skillful and less clumsy, more confident and less fearful, more understanding of others and less threatened by them. To communicate more cooperatively and more satisfyingly I must learn how to participate in my conversations and observe them at the same time. I understand changes as significant as these will take years rather than over night. I hope that when given the opp ortunity to undertake a second communications assignment, I have developed my communication skills to a satisfactory level, where I can have a meaningful conversation with another person, in a coherent, comprehensive manner. Team Work   I was highly apprehensive of my first group project as teamwork was a foreign concept to me. Being a very independent and self reliant individual and having very few notable opportunities to develop my teamwork skills in the past I was unsure of the fundamental skills required to be a good team player. Most notably was my understanding of my role within a team and trusting and relying on the other members of the group. My first group project proved to be a great success both in terms of grades and self development. I learnt I could perform competently in a team environment demonstrated by the positive feedback. I felt trusting in the competency of the other members of my team was easier than I initially expected as we had an initial discussion that developed a mutual understanding of the expectations of one another as a team. However regardless the good marks yielded from the assignment I felt I had plenty to learn in regards to communication, compromising and developing a strong sense of self within a team. I felt I was too passive within the group which in hindsight made a relatively simple task a lot more difficult, lacking the confidence to speak up when I felt uncomfortable undertaking certain tasks and failing to voice concern when I needed help or was uncertain. I was not naÃÆ' ¯ve to believe that developing as a better team player would not be a challenge and it took me several projects to feel comfortable within a group, acting competently as both a contributor and even leader when necessary. I have come to understand that the unequivocal multidisciplinary nature of medicine in todays integrated society makes learning how to function and communicate effectively within a team of the up most importance. Communication, which may be across different disciplines and even languages, is the fundamental foundations necessary for well integrated successful teamwork. I felt my greatest contributions as a team member have been my enthusiasm and positive personality, encouraging other members of the team to participate and stay on track in a friendly environment. I was willing to help out with the odd jobs whenever necessary and engage with other members of the team to develop a cohesive team environment. This naturally led to me taking on a leadership role and I found that leading by example was the best method of ensuring the team stayed on track. My biggest fault as a team player initially was my inflexibility and lack of punctuality to group meetings, my inability to coordinate my time efficiently had ramifications upon the team and its progress. I have rectified the situation by making more time for my education and have realised mutual sacrifice and compromise is all part of being a good team player. Self-Directed Learning and Critical Evaluation   Self directed learning is one of those concepts I was not introduced to until I entered the tertiary education system. Like many students the transition from spoon feeding to self determination was an unexpected and confronting experience. However the development of self-directed and critical evaluation skills throughout the phase has been integral in my progress and growth as a medical student. Although highly proactive and enthusiastic, I have had a tendency to lack the motivation and perseverance to carry on with the structured learning system I devise at the beginning of each teaching block, often due to the overwhelming quantity of information and lack of strict learning objectives which lead me to often deviate from my focus. I have found it helpful to focus strictly on information provided in lectures and practicals, and only at the end of each scenario I refer to external resources for more information. Although satisfactory my negotiated assignment was not evidence of my best work, I definitely didnt put as much effort into it as with my previous assignments. I am disappointed I wasted my only opportunity to explore something that was of interest to me, and hope if given a second chance in later phases, I will take upon a negotiated assignment with more enthusiasm and dedication. In my assignment Varenicline, a New Smoking Cessation Drug, I did an excellent job critically evaluating the ISMP report, unfortunately this was not the set criteria, thus I received a P. This made me aware of the importance of being meticulous, not only in my research, but also keeping focus on the criteria. I received my first F in my generic self directed capability for my group assignment Diagnostic Imaging in Hepatobiliary Disease. We often assume that everyone will submit material of the same academic quality and integrity, and this experience has reminded me to pay closer attention and ensure everyone in the group is at a consensus for the standard of work that is expected of each other. Responsibility, self directed learning and attention to detail are some of few things I have gained from learning to scuba dive. Your actions alone, from checking and maintaining your equipment, assessing water conditions and making sure you have learnt and understood the correct procedures can determine whether you have a successful, enjoyable dive or a miserable and possibly even fatal one.   Ethics and Legal Responsibilities Learning about the ethical and legal responsibilities of medical professionals is one of my most enjoyable aspects of the curriculum. It provides me with an escape from the density of the sciences and allows me opportunities for free thought, reflection and personal development. One notable instance was during one of my first ethics tutorials in BGD where the ethics and morals of abortion were put to debate. Although I didnt tell the class, having undergone an abortion at the age of fifteen, this topic hit very close to home, and I remember getting quite worked up over some of the comments made throughout the debate. I remember feeling frustrated and upset that there were people out there that were so naÃÆ' ¯ve. In hindsight, I am ashamed I was so judgmental and harsh in my opinion of others based on their values, and have learnt to respect different perspectives beyond my own beliefs. The experience also made me realise the implications of ones own experiences, values, morals and beliefs on interactions with possible future patients and the necessity for sensitivity and respect of all perspectives in order to provide the highest level of care. These ideas of tolerance and respect for others was further embedded through the completion of the ethics based assignments which I thoroughly enjoyed, Transplant tourism, which debated non-malfeasance and beneficience, and Ethics of Brain Death and withdrawing life support which discussed the legal and ethical issues associated with medically indicated withdrawal of life sustaining treatment from incompetent/brain dead patients. The concept of patient autonomy permeates throughout medical ethics, as I have come to see through both the assignments and various ethics tutorials. Patient autonomy is increasingly and rightly perceived as a manifestation of the individuals rights of self determination and privacy, universally regarded as a pillar of civil liberty. While there may be temptations on the part of medical professionals to intervene and to protect individuals from their health care choices, the principle of respect for individual autonomy dictates that if these choices can be d eemed autonomous, then they must be respected regardless of the possible adverse consequences of such action, to do otherwise would be unjustified paternalism. However, whatever the truth about the debate there is also strong argument that the issue changes dramatically when introducing a third party into the decision, be it a pregnant mothers rights versus the unborn foetus; or a families religious groundings versus a doctors medical opinion. Although learning about different bioethical arguments and perspectives has been enlightening and enjoyable, developing my own set of values and opinions has been more disconcerting. Ethical reasoning is flexible and volatile, instead of learning a strict set of values, I hope to understand a wide variety of perspectives and adapt this knowledge when it is appropriate. The legal obligations as a health care professional in Australia was highlighted to me when I took legal action against my dentist whose unsatisfactory professional misconduct, negligence and breach of duty of care left me with a servere malocclusion of my jaw leading to tempromandibular joint dysfunctions, requiring extensive treatment. The competency of the regulatory bodies within Australia ensure those who live in Australia receive appropriate and adequate quality medical care. This is a palpable comparison to many other countries around the world, where duty of care is a foreign concept, and regulatory bodies are few and far between. Reflective Practitioner To me, reflection does not mean to look back only on my errors and try to rectify them for the future, but to also analyse experiences and notable occasions and achievements in my life and understand how those experiences have shaped me as an individual on the path to becoming a fully competent, well rounded medical practitioner. Effective communication is by far the most important capability I have to conquer as it is the capability that I am least proficient in and also is the one that hinders my progress in other capabilities such as patient assessment and management and teamwork. I only wish I developed an awareness of the relevance of the graduate capabilities earlier on in my studies so that I could have taken full advantage of opportunities for developing them during the course. Undertaking this process of reflection whilst compiling my portfolio has allowed me to realise that by developing skills beyond my academic achievements I am building attributes required for the lifelong learning that is necessary in the medical profession. I plan to try and a take a moment at the end of each day to reflect on the days achievements and activities. I hope this daily ritual of self awareness will allow me to improve each day. The portfolio has allowed me to become aware of my current level of achievement within each of the graduate capabilities and provided me with a structured manner as to develop specific attributes within the course and encouraged further development of these attributes throughout my degree.   

The Early Nineteenth Century :: essays research papers

The Early Nineteenth Centory   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The early nineteenth century was an era of tremendous growth and change for the new nation. This is a thesis statement that will be proven true in my essay. And why don't I begin with one of our greatest presidents, Thomas Jefferson.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On March fourth, 1801, Thomas Jefferson was elected President of the United States of America. Thomas Jefferson was a Republican. Republicans strongly supported farmers, and they wanted an agrarian nation. An agrarian nation means some changes had to be made in the country. The country needed strong trade with other countries, and they also needed more land to farm on. This led to the Louisiana Purchase.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The French owned a huge amount of land west of the United States. Inside all of this land was the mouth of the Mississippi River, New Orleans. Because the Republicans wanted a farming nation, America needed a port like New Orleans. Jefferson didn't think that Napoleon would sell all of this land, but he asked him anyway if he was willing to sell. To his surprise Napoleon did want to sell this land because he needed more money for his fight with Great Britain. So Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory, and doubled the nation's size. This purchase was a mastermind move by Jefferson that let the farming nation trade using the whole Mississippi.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another achievement of Thomas Jefferson was the exploration of the Louisiana Territory. He hired Lewis and Clark to explore the uncharted territory. He told them to search the land for a river passage to the Pacific Ocean. Jefferson also told them to keep diaries and make maps. This was Clark's task. In May, 1804, forty-four men set out on the expedition. The travelers tried to be friendly with the Indians on their way. When they reached North Dakota they hired the French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau, and his wife Sacajawea to be guides and interpreters. With them they traveled all the way to the Pacific Coast and back. Even though many people were disappointed upon their return that they had not found an all water route, Lewis and Clark were the first to map most of this land we call America. They also aroused an interest in the people to move westward in the growing nation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Let's go back a little bit to when Napoleon sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States. He needed money to fight in the war he was having with Great Britain. Since the United States had a small military, it did not want to be involved in the French-British War. America tried to stay neutral while

Comparing Silkos Yellow Woman and Chopins Story of an Hour :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparing Silko's Yellow Woman and Chopin's Story of an Hour In the stories "Yellow Woman" and "Story of an Hour", both women were under the subjection of men. They were depicted as weak, loving the men of domination, but wanting to escape the men's shadows. In Silko's "Yellow Woman", the confusing western-type setting of dry, hot alkali-white crust dirt, rivers, and horses with the contrast of modern day mentioning of trucks, schools, and jello set the tone. The narrator's desire to seek solace in her grandpa who was dead(191). But the next best thing was to seek comfort in his story that he liked to tell. Instead, the narrator placed herself in the story which she told to her family(193). The protagonist ,which is the narrator, was depicted as a weak, but sex driven woman. She was handled roughly by Silva due to his pinning her down (191) and threats of "you will do what I want"(190). She wanted to get away but chose not to leave. Silva was a man that spoke dictatingly and to the point. The protagonist in the story took pride in her lover Silva. She enjoyed his sexual encounters as well as his physical attributes. She also enjoyed the adventures of riding off with him to places where he went, but not knowing him for he was a stranger. The narrator was torn between the present ( husband Al, baby, grandma and mother) and the past (grandpa, story about ka'tsina spirit). The protagonist seemed to to enjoy being dictated what to do by Silva. The narrator and Silva seemed to be free spirits. They both loved adventure. But Silva was entitled to the right whereas Yellow Woman was no more than a weak follower with no say in the matter. The narrator and Yellow Woman felt that they had to be submissive to their men. The narrator's Indian background, Pueblo, seemed to be strict with the women expressing how they really feel to their husband. Also, the men seem to be honest since the narrator sopke "the men don't do things like that"(190). The narrator deserve to escape but she just took a walk along the river but she would eventually "come home"(191). It was strikingly interesting to see Al playing with the baby with no clue as to how the narrator was feeling. On the other hand, Chopin's The Story of an

Teaching Philosophy Statement Essay -- Teaching Teachers Education Ess

Teaching Philosophy Statement The world revolves around education. Without it, we would be lost. Teachers are among the most important people in the world. They are what shape our society. This takes on a very important job, but this is something that I want to do more than anything. A teacher is one that is looked up to by others, and is respected in the community. I want to become a teacher because I want to help children learn and make a difference in a child’s life. I believe that I mainly follow the idealist philosophy. Becoming a teacher is something that I have always wanted to do, so I know that I would put my all into it. I would make sure that I knew my content area very well. I also want to make sure the students know that they can come to me with any of their problems. I not only want to be a teacher, but a role model to my students. Knowing that a student trusts me would bring so much self-fulfillment. I also follow the pragmatist philosophy. I believe that they classroom is a community of learners. Pragmatists also establish classroom rules at the beginning of the year. This is important because the children are just entering the school system, and they need to know that what they may do at home isn’t permitted at school. I would rather have a non-authoritarian classroom over an authoritarian classroom. I believe I could control the students. I think there would be more respect in the classroom if I made sure the students knew at the beginning of the year what was and wasn’t allowed. Also, many kindergarten teachers have assistants to help them. Not that I’ relying on that, but that would help keep control of the classroom as well. ... ...dergartener won’t learn very much if you stand in front of the room and lecture. You ned to work with the students personally, that way they grasp what you are teaching. You need to become a leader when you’re working with a room full of young students. I feel that I can fulfill this role. I’ve worked with young children before, and if you set out rules beforehand, you have better results. I will definitely take what I’ve learned and use it in my classroom. Education reform is necessary in our ever changing world. I know that as a teacher I would be willing to change with the times. As teachers we must have a positive attitude and take on whatever is needed. Education is one of the most important aspects of the world. Teaching is something that I look forward to, and I can’t wait until I have a classroom of my own.

Learning Theory

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008) This article may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (January 2010)In psychology and education, learning is commonly defined as a process that brings together cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences and experiences for acquiring, enhancing, or making changes in one's knowledge, skills, values, and world views (Illeris, 2000; Ormorod, 1995). Learning as a process focuses on what happens when the learning takes place. Explanations of what happens constitute learning theories. A learning theory is an attempt to describe how people and animals learn, thereby he lping us understand the inherently complex process of learning.Learning theories have two chief values according to Hill (2002). One is in providing us with vocabulary and a conceptual framework for interpreting the examples of learning that we observe. The other is in suggesting where to look for solutions to practical problems. The theories do not give us solutions, but they do direct our attention to those variables that are crucial in finding solutions. There are three main categories or philosophical frameworks under which learning theories fall: behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. Behaviorism focuses only on the objectively observable aspects of learning.Cognitive theories look beyond behavior to explain brain-based learning. And constructivism views learning as a process in which the learner actively constructs or builds new ideas or concepts. Contents [hide] †¢1 Behaviorism †¢2 Cognitivism †¢3 Constructivism †¢4 Informal and post-modern theories †¢5 Other learning theories †¢6 Criticism †¢7 Other interests †¢8 See also †¢9 Notes †¢10 External links [edit] Behaviorism Main article: Behaviorism Behaviorism as a theory was primarily developed by B. F. Skinner. It loosely encompasses the work of people like Edward Thorndike, Tolman, Guthrie, and Hull.What characterizes these investigators are their underlying assumptions about the process of learning. In essence, three basic assumptions are held to be true. [original research? ] First, learning is manifested by a change in behavior. Second, the environment shapes behavior. And third, the principles of contiguity (how close in time two events must be for a bond to be formed) and reinforcement (any means of increasing the likelihood that an event will be repeated) are central to explaining the learning process. For behaviorism, learning is the acquisition of new behavior through conditioning.There are two types of possible conditioning: 1) Classical conditioning, where the behavior becomes a reflex response to stimulus as in the case of Pavlov's Dogs. Pavlov was interested in studying reflexes, when he saw that the dogs drooled without the proper stimulus. Although no food was in sight, their saliva still dribbled. It turned out that the dogs were reacting to lab coats. Every time the dogs were served food, the person who served the food was wearing a lab coat. Therefore, the dogs reacted as if food was on its way whenever they saw a lab coat.In a series of experiments, Pavlov then tried to figure out how these phenomena were linked. For example, he struck a bell when the dogs were fed. If the bell was sounded in close association with their meal, the dogs learned to associate the sound of the bell with food. After a while, at the mere sound of the bell, they responded by drooling. 2) Operant conditioning where there is reinforcement of the behavior by a reward or a punishment. The theory of operant conditioning was developed by B. F. Skinner and is known as Radical Behaviorism.The word ‘operant’ refers to the way in which behavior ‘operates on the environment’. Briefly, a behavior may result either in reinforcement, which increases the likelihood of the behavior recurring, or punishment, which decreases the likelihood of the behavior recurring. It is important to note that, a punishment is not considered to be applicable if it does not result in the reduction of the behavior, and so the terms punishment and reinforcement are determined as a result of the actions. Within this framework, behaviorists are particularly interested in measurable changes in behavior.Educational approaches such as applied behavior analysis, curriculum based measurement, and direct instruction have emerged from this model. [1] [edit] Cognitivism Main article: Cognitivism (psychology) The earliest challenge to the behaviorists came in a publication in 1929 by Bode, a gestalt psychologist. He criticized b ehaviorists for being too dependent on overt behavior to explain learning. Gestalt psychologists proposed looking at the patterns rather than isolated events. Gestalt views of learning have been incorporated into what have come to be labeled cognitive theories.Two key assumptions underlie this cognitive approach: (1) that the memory system is an active organized processor of information and (2) that prior knowledge plays an important role in learning. Cognitive theories look beyond behavior to explain brain-based learning. Cognitivists consider how human memory works to promote learning. For example, the physiological processes of sorting and encoding information and events into short term memory and long term memory are important to educators working under the cognitive theory.The major difference between gestaltists and behaviorists is the locus of control over the learning activity: the individual learner is more key to gestaltists than the environment that behaviorists emphasize . Once memory theories like the Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model and Baddeley's working memory model were established as a theoretical framework in cognitive psychology, new cognitive frameworks of learning began to emerge during the 1970s, 80s, and 90s. Today, researchers are concentrating on topics like cognitive load and information processing theory.These theories of learning play a role in influencing instructional design. [citation needed] Aspects of cognitivism can be found in learning how to learn, social role acquisition, intelligence, learning, and memory as related to age. [edit] Constructivism Main article: Constructivism (learning theory) Constructivism views learning as a process in which the learner actively constructs or builds new ideas or concepts based upon current and past knowledge or experience. In other words, â€Å"learning involves constructing one's own knowledge from one's own experiences. Constructivist learning, therefore, is a very personal endeavor, whe reby internalized concepts, rules, and general principles may consequently be applied in a practical real-world context. This is also known as social constructivism (see social constructivism). Social constructivists posit that knowledge is constructed when individuals engage socially in talk and activity about shared problems or tasks. Learning is seen as the process by which individuals are introduced to a culture by more skilled members†(Driver et al. , 1994) Constructivism itself has many variations, such as Active learning, discovery learning, and knowledge building.Regardless of the variety, constructivism promotes a student's free exploration within a given framework or structure. [citation needed]The teacher acts as a facilitator who encourages students to discover principles for themselves and to construct knowledge by working to solve realistic problems. Aspects of constructivism can be found in self-directed learning, transformational learning, experiential learning , situated cognition, and reflective practice and religious practice. [edit] Informal and post-modern theories Informal theories of education may attempt to break down the learning process in pursuit of practicality[citation needed].One of these deals with whether learning should take place as a building of concepts toward an overall idea, or the understanding of the overall idea with the details filled in later. Critics[citation needed] believe that trying to teach an overall idea without details (facts) is like trying to build a masonry structure without bricks†¦ Other concerns are the origins of the drive for learning[citation needed]. Some[who? ] argue that learning is primarily self-regulated, and that the ideal learning situation is one dissimilar to the modern classroom[citation needed].Critics argue that students learning in isolation fail[citation needed]. [edit] Other learning theories Other learning theories have also been developed for more specific purposes than ge neral learning theories. For example, andragogy is the art and science to help adults learn. Connectivism is a recent theory of Networked learning which focuses on learning as making connections. Multimedia learning theory focuses on principles for the effective use of multimedia in learning. [edit] Criticism Criticism of learning theories that underlie traditional educational practices claims there is no need for such a theory.The attempt to comprehend the process of learning through theory construction has created more problems than it has solved. It further claims that in order to make up for the feeling of inadequacy in confronting a process that we don't really comprehend, we label something â€Å"learning† and measure it. Then we're comfortable, because at least then we have the feeling that we have a grasp on the problem. We don't really follow the process, but in lieu of a profound understanding of what's going on, we find something and say, â€Å"Let's declare that to be learning, by consensus. This is basically what the entire educational system the world over has done: quantify learning by breaking it up into measurable pieces-—curricula, courses, hours, tests, and grades. The assumption is that psychologically one knows enough about the mind to identify aptitudes: the accepted (knowledge-based) conception of learning identifies four assumptions of the accepted view of learning: that (some) one knows what ought to be learned by people, why it ought to be learned, how it ought to be learned, and by whom each thing ought to be learned.Together these assumptions are the lenses through which people have been socialized in our culture to judge whether learning is occurring or not; and a further assumption is that once one knows aptitudes, one also knows how to track a person so he will in fact reach the goal that is being set out for him. The whole approach is the ultimate in pedagogical and psychological technology. The only trouble is ha t it is humanly absurd. In this society, such a process is exceptionally subtle, because it involves an authoritarian approach within a free culture. By employing a variety of ruses the system produces a process which allows it to inhibit personal freedom without really feeling that this is what is going on. The person doesn't feel that something arbitrary is being done to him—which is in fact what is happening. [2][3] Learning Theory From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008) This article may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (January 2010)In psychology and education, learning is commonly defined as a process that brings together cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences and experiences for acquiring, enhancing, or making changes in one's knowledge, skills, values, and world views (Illeris, 2000; Ormorod, 1995). Learning as a process focuses on what happens when the learning takes place. Explanations of what happens constitute learning theories. A learning theory is an attempt to describe how people and animals learn, thereby he lping us understand the inherently complex process of learning.Learning theories have two chief values according to Hill (2002). One is in providing us with vocabulary and a conceptual framework for interpreting the examples of learning that we observe. The other is in suggesting where to look for solutions to practical problems. The theories do not give us solutions, but they do direct our attention to those variables that are crucial in finding solutions. There are three main categories or philosophical frameworks under which learning theories fall: behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. Behaviorism focuses only on the objectively observable aspects of learning.Cognitive theories look beyond behavior to explain brain-based learning. And constructivism views learning as a process in which the learner actively constructs or builds new ideas or concepts. Contents [hide] †¢1 Behaviorism †¢2 Cognitivism †¢3 Constructivism †¢4 Informal and post-modern theories †¢5 Other learning theories †¢6 Criticism †¢7 Other interests †¢8 See also †¢9 Notes †¢10 External links [edit] Behaviorism Main article: Behaviorism Behaviorism as a theory was primarily developed by B. F. Skinner. It loosely encompasses the work of people like Edward Thorndike, Tolman, Guthrie, and Hull.What characterizes these investigators are their underlying assumptions about the process of learning. In essence, three basic assumptions are held to be true. [original research? ] First, learning is manifested by a change in behavior. Second, the environment shapes behavior. And third, the principles of contiguity (how close in time two events must be for a bond to be formed) and reinforcement (any means of increasing the likelihood that an event will be repeated) are central to explaining the learning process. For behaviorism, learning is the acquisition of new behavior through conditioning.There are two types of possible conditioning: 1) Classical conditioning, where the behavior becomes a reflex response to stimulus as in the case of Pavlov's Dogs. Pavlov was interested in studying reflexes, when he saw that the dogs drooled without the proper stimulus. Although no food was in sight, their saliva still dribbled. It turned out that the dogs were reacting to lab coats. Every time the dogs were served food, the person who served the food was wearing a lab coat. Therefore, the dogs reacted as if food was on its way whenever they saw a lab coat.In a series of experiments, Pavlov then tried to figure out how these phenomena were linked. For example, he struck a bell when the dogs were fed. If the bell was sounded in close association with their meal, the dogs learned to associate the sound of the bell with food. After a while, at the mere sound of the bell, they responded by drooling. 2) Operant conditioning where there is reinforcement of the behavior by a reward or a punishment. The theory of operant conditioning was developed by B. F. Skinner and is known as Radical Behaviorism.The word ‘operant’ refers to the way in which behavior ‘operates on the environment’. Briefly, a behavior may result either in reinforcement, which increases the likelihood of the behavior recurring, or punishment, which decreases the likelihood of the behavior recurring. It is important to note that, a punishment is not considered to be applicable if it does not result in the reduction of the behavior, and so the terms punishment and reinforcement are determined as a result of the actions. Within this framework, behaviorists are particularly interested in measurable changes in behavior.Educational approaches such as applied behavior analysis, curriculum based measurement, and direct instruction have emerged from this model. [1] [edit] Cognitivism Main article: Cognitivism (psychology) The earliest challenge to the behaviorists came in a publication in 1929 by Bode, a gestalt psychologist. He criticized b ehaviorists for being too dependent on overt behavior to explain learning. Gestalt psychologists proposed looking at the patterns rather than isolated events. Gestalt views of learning have been incorporated into what have come to be labeled cognitive theories.Two key assumptions underlie this cognitive approach: (1) that the memory system is an active organized processor of information and (2) that prior knowledge plays an important role in learning. Cognitive theories look beyond behavior to explain brain-based learning. Cognitivists consider how human memory works to promote learning. For example, the physiological processes of sorting and encoding information and events into short term memory and long term memory are important to educators working under the cognitive theory.The major difference between gestaltists and behaviorists is the locus of control over the learning activity: the individual learner is more key to gestaltists than the environment that behaviorists emphasize . Once memory theories like the Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model and Baddeley's working memory model were established as a theoretical framework in cognitive psychology, new cognitive frameworks of learning began to emerge during the 1970s, 80s, and 90s. Today, researchers are concentrating on topics like cognitive load and information processing theory.These theories of learning play a role in influencing instructional design. [citation needed] Aspects of cognitivism can be found in learning how to learn, social role acquisition, intelligence, learning, and memory as related to age. [edit] Constructivism Main article: Constructivism (learning theory) Constructivism views learning as a process in which the learner actively constructs or builds new ideas or concepts based upon current and past knowledge or experience. In other words, â€Å"learning involves constructing one's own knowledge from one's own experiences. Constructivist learning, therefore, is a very personal endeavor, whe reby internalized concepts, rules, and general principles may consequently be applied in a practical real-world context. This is also known as social constructivism (see social constructivism). Social constructivists posit that knowledge is constructed when individuals engage socially in talk and activity about shared problems or tasks. Learning is seen as the process by which individuals are introduced to a culture by more skilled members†(Driver et al. , 1994) Constructivism itself has many variations, such as Active learning, discovery learning, and knowledge building.Regardless of the variety, constructivism promotes a student's free exploration within a given framework or structure. [citation needed]The teacher acts as a facilitator who encourages students to discover principles for themselves and to construct knowledge by working to solve realistic problems. Aspects of constructivism can be found in self-directed learning, transformational learning, experiential learning , situated cognition, and reflective practice and religious practice. [edit] Informal and post-modern theories Informal theories of education may attempt to break down the learning process in pursuit of practicality[citation needed].One of these deals with whether learning should take place as a building of concepts toward an overall idea, or the understanding of the overall idea with the details filled in later. Critics[citation needed] believe that trying to teach an overall idea without details (facts) is like trying to build a masonry structure without bricks†¦ Other concerns are the origins of the drive for learning[citation needed]. Some[who? ] argue that learning is primarily self-regulated, and that the ideal learning situation is one dissimilar to the modern classroom[citation needed].Critics argue that students learning in isolation fail[citation needed]. [edit] Other learning theories Other learning theories have also been developed for more specific purposes than ge neral learning theories. For example, andragogy is the art and science to help adults learn. Connectivism is a recent theory of Networked learning which focuses on learning as making connections. Multimedia learning theory focuses on principles for the effective use of multimedia in learning. [edit] Criticism Criticism of learning theories that underlie traditional educational practices claims there is no need for such a theory.The attempt to comprehend the process of learning through theory construction has created more problems than it has solved. It further claims that in order to make up for the feeling of inadequacy in confronting a process that we don't really comprehend, we label something â€Å"learning† and measure it. Then we're comfortable, because at least then we have the feeling that we have a grasp on the problem. We don't really follow the process, but in lieu of a profound understanding of what's going on, we find something and say, â€Å"Let's declare that to be learning, by consensus. This is basically what the entire educational system the world over has done: quantify learning by breaking it up into measurable pieces-—curricula, courses, hours, tests, and grades. The assumption is that psychologically one knows enough about the mind to identify aptitudes: the accepted (knowledge-based) conception of learning identifies four assumptions of the accepted view of learning: that (some) one knows what ought to be learned by people, why it ought to be learned, how it ought to be learned, and by whom each thing ought to be learned.Together these assumptions are the lenses through which people have been socialized in our culture to judge whether learning is occurring or not; and a further assumption is that once one knows aptitudes, one also knows how to track a person so he will in fact reach the goal that is being set out for him. The whole approach is the ultimate in pedagogical and psychological technology. The only trouble is ha t it is humanly absurd. In this society, such a process is exceptionally subtle, because it involves an authoritarian approach within a free culture. By employing a variety of ruses the system produces a process which allows it to inhibit personal freedom without really feeling that this is what is going on. The person doesn't feel that something arbitrary is being done to him—which is in fact what is happening. [2][3]