Effects of Upholding the Traditions Research Paper

Effects of Upholding the Traditions - Research Paper Example The research paper "Effects of Upholding the Traditions" aims to examine the effects, both positive and negative, of traditions in the society. A tradition is a belief mostly manifested through behaviors. Such behaviors are portrayed by members of a group or even a society. These behaviors can be traced from a certain origin and hence given a meaning. This implies that the behaviors practiced are significant to that particular group or society and, therefore, can be explained. This study will analyze the concept of tradition as depicted in the article â€Å"The lottery†. It will specifically look at the effects of traditions in society. It will examine both the positive and negative aspects of traditions. Some of the positive effects are: fostering socialization, enhancing unity, nurturing responsibilities, fostering harmony, passing on of traditional values and enhancing virtues in the society. Some of the negative effects include; acting blindly without questioning, can lead to conflict between the old generation and the new generations, can lead to evils and barbaric actions. The society should identify the positive traditions that lead to positive effects and uphold them. On the other hand, harmful traditions that lead to negative effects should be done away with. Traditions can enhance unity in the society. From the lottery article, this unity is seen when there is concern shown for those who had not arrived for the event; others were late while others did not show up for one reason, or another.

Legal Environment assignment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Legal Environment assignment - Case Study Example The defense has challenged the application of subsection (4) (c) and (5) (c), and has justified the action of the defendant for non-submission of the documents as per the injunctions of subsection (3). The counsel of the defendant referred to the decision of the district judge, and focused upon the true and legitimate interpretation of the subsection (6) (b), the submission of the defendant stated that 'It is a defense for the defendant to prove that he has a reasonable excuse for not providing a document within three days of the interview'. The legal issues in the case have been the raised and addressed. It was observed that two subsections have been taken as assumption with reference to the false immigration document submitted during the journey. If the defendant is able to justify his non-submission of the document, his actions can be regarded as legal by virtue of the provisions of subsection (7) (b) (iii), as per which 'the defendant had handed the false passport that he had used to his facilitator in circumstances where it would have been unreasonable to expect non-compliance with his instructions to do so'. As per the district judge, the subsection (3) and (6) (b) are applicable on the immigration document which has been in the possession of the defendant during his journey, however the subsection is not applicable provided that it has been proven that the immigration documents never existed. The claim ca neb verified through revision of the official records of the Immigration Department. Such issue further procl aimed that 'it was not open to the appellant to rely upon the fact that he had been unable to provide a genuine immigration document within three days of his interview'. However, the district judge has contended that the application of the two subsections is legal, and the subsections can be referred to during the discussion of the contentious issues related to the false immigration document. However, the appellant's alternative case has been disqualified, because 'he had not demonstrated that it was unreasonable to expect him not to comply with his facilitator's instructions to return the false passport'. The defendant has claimed that the mention of adverbial in the subsection signified that 'only relevant provision of subsection (3) shall be submitted within three days', thus providing exemption to the defendant. Which technique(s) of statutory interpretation do you consider that the Lord Chief Justice employed in the case Give reasons for your answers. According to the Chief Justice the subsection (4) (d) is related to the situation when the defense is implicated for the submission of the false documents, therefore the application of the subsection (3) has been declared as restricted, whereas the defense is obliged to submit his documents within three days of his interview. According to the judge, the application of the subsection (4) (d) is justified provided that the false documents are submitted by the immigrant after the charges are levied against him, therefore the conviction under section 2 is not possible until the period of three

The benefits of legal human cloning research outweigh the opponents Paper

The benefits of legal human cloning outweigh the opponents negitives - Research Paper Example This process eliminates the emotional pain and expense that accompanies the condition. Moreover, it even puts more couples in a position to have their own children (â€Å"The Advantages of Cloning† par. 6) Rejuvenation, also called therapeutic cloning, can only be advanced through the use of human cloning technology. In this process embryonic stem cells are vital as they are used to produce new tissues and organs, which are used to replace faulty ones such as hearts, spinal cord cells for paraplegics’ tissues. Thus, in this case, cloning plays a key role in preventing and alleviating human suffering for humans who have ailments like Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s. At the same time, if well advanced, even the aging process could be reversed (â€Å"Benefits of Cloning: Benefits of Human Cloning† par. 2). Despite cloning being controversial, it may be a viable solution to many people considering genetic engineering may offer parents a choice of determining what features they would like their children to have. This is concerning their cognitive abilities and physical abilities (â€Å"The Advantages of Cloning† par .14). In addition, parents could have the chance to be better at raising their children, as genetically modified children would have their needs and abilities known to their parent’s beforehand (Smith par. 10). Apart from this, children would be less susceptible to illnesses since all defective genes would be corrected, and immunity boosted at the time of cloning. Moreover, through cloning organs used for transplants would be made readily available through human cloning. For example, currently there are no human livers to make transplant to those patients in need them, instead, pig livers are used to work as a provisional solution until a donor is found. Consequently, human cloning readily avails the required organs without having another person’s

Probation officer Essay Example for Free

Probation officer Essay Being a Probation Officer can be interesting and challenging at the same time. You can make a positive impact on one’s life. A Probation Officer’s main role is to make sure that those released into his care are properly rehabilitated and obey to the terms of their probation. The officer also educates those released on probation on what they can and can’t do during the probation period â€Å"Probation and parole can be very cost efficient. In 2010, Larry J. Siegel wrote a report stating that the U. S. spends about twenty five thousand dollars meanwhile probation only spends two thousand. The government saves twenty three thousand dollars by keeping inmates out of prison and keeps prisons from overcrowding. Dangerous criminals should be kept in prison instead of being let out and keeping minor offenders in. Probation helps offenders recover by allowing them to enter society with a different mindset. Probation helps offenders recover by allowing them to do such things as preserve employment, gain support and help from their loved ones and once again become a productive citizen. That can’t be done in jail. Most prisoners have drug addictions. Keeping them in doesn’t give them the help that they should be receiving. The offender being out and put on probation allows him to recover himself by taking part in a rehabilitation center. Cons: there is the issue of community safety. Many offenders present a risk to community safety, even if it’s because the person persists in the risky behaviors associated with alcohol or drug abuse. Setting any offender free poses somewhat of a risk, however slight. The courts, judges, defense and prosecuting attorneys and probation personnel weigh these risks and balance them with the best interests of the probationer and victim. Usually, probation personnel monitor high-risk offenders closely through home arrest or electronic monitoring. Then there is the problem of victim concerns. Victims vary widely as to their perspective and feelings regarding probation for their offenders. In some cases, they may quickly forgive the individual and even build a relationship with them. In other situations, they may petition the courts for harsh penalties. Probation allows the courts to monitor the defendant’s activities in the community while he works and repays any restitution that he or she owes his victims. Some victims, however, may care more about his punishment than reimbursement Many offenders need minimal rehabilitation in order to become productive members of society. Completing substance abuse treatment or community service hours can motivate offenders toward compliance with probation requirements. They can stay in the community; maintain family ties and work to contribute to their family. If these same offenders are sent to prison, they might become hardened and learn further criminal behavior, when they could have easily just remained supervised in society. Probation personnel can further monitor compliance with court terms and conditions. One of the primary reasons that traditional probation hasn’t been successful in rehabilitating offenders is much too often probationers are completely unsupervised. An offender on probation could simply fill out a one page report of their work activities and submit this to their probation officer by mail. Offenders that are part of traditional probation programs have a recidivism rate of 65%. That means only 35% of probationers don’t commit new offenses. Offenders are accommodated into halfway houses. This is where offenders have to follow strict rules like curfew. Counsellors and psychiatrists are on call 24 hours a day to help clients with adjusting to outside life and coping with problems if they occur. Probation officers have a large number of offenders and they have a difficult time supervising them closely. This is because there are not enough probation officers to supervise offenders properly. Probation officers have offenders mail in a form weekly or monthly and there is a checklist that an offender has to follow and answer, employment and any law infractions. Pros: Cons our stance we are on the pro side of both probation and parole, as we believe they can be greatly beneficial to both the community and the offenders whom are placed in these programs. Granted, not all cases are a success, but we believe that the criminal justice system would be a far worse place without probation and parole†. (Larry J. Siegel) A Probation Officer plays a key role in changing one’s ways that may not be suitable for the public’s view. The public sees these offenders as no good and thinks they should be removed from our communities and placed in confinement. Knowingly this may resolve the issue of one’s misbehavior for a short length of time but there are many more out their committing these same crimes. So what possibly should be done other than confining these offenders  for long or short periods of time, and in an eight by ten cell? Well, a rehabilitation program set up when the offenders is released. This rehabilitation program may also be enforced upon release from jail or prison depending on the offender’s circumstances. Rehabilitation comes in many different forms such as, drug and alcohol classes. A person committing a crime that involved the use of drugs and or alcohol would be required to attend these classes upon release from jail, for a period of thirty days, sessions or the judge’s discretion. There are such classes that revolve around anger management classes; this would assist an offender in learning how to deal with anger issues and present those ways to relieve one’s stress, anxiety, or just the urge to combat. Rehabilitation also involves community service. Such offenders would be required to sign up at a local agency (Caltrans), and on a daily basis be required to show up at a set time and clean-up the sides of freeways, underpasses, parks, and communities. This would be a way to assist an offender in being accepted back into his or her community. Becoming a Probation Officer, as of 1995 virtually every state has a Probation Officer program in place for young and old law offenders. The duties of Probation Officers vary from state to state. A Probation Officer will meet with the â€Å"offender† on a regular basis and will provide guidance to the offender that will help the offender make better decisions in life. In the hope the offender will conform to the laws. Other duties can include field work such as locating an offender who’s failed to report as agreed and also testifying in a court regarding the probation violation(s). A life as a Probation Officer will be interesting and challenging. Probation Officers must have a keen interest in both criminal justice enforcement and helping young and old law offenders. Being a Probation Officer requires performing several duties and putting in a great amount of time and energy. This career provides a unique opportunity to intervene in the lives of criminal offenders and provide an opportunity for reform. The career comes with safety risks, but many current officers relish the opportunity to make a difference in not only one’s life but a community as a whole. When it comes to the benefits of a Probation Officers career, one may think the benefits are gracious but in fact a probation officers pay can be quite low, about forty five thousand dollars a year on average. Not considerably bad for a starting salary and if just coming into the work force. These benefits may or may not increase over time but other benefits include medical, dental, vision and 401k plans. These other benefits can be seen as a great deal as well because one does need a career that will help them in a time of need. Other benefits one may see are the fact of being able to deal with various situations and scenarios on a day to day basis not to mention the thrill and risks waiting every day. Many want to know what it takes to become a probation officer. Well, you must be at least twenty years of age, have at least a bachelor’s degree on up to a master’s degree, depending on what probation role you are seeking. Some physical fitness also plays a role in this position; you want to be physically active with exercises, walking, jogging etc. This will assure the apprehension of an offender in the event he or she tries to run or fight. A background check will be conducted, you must pass. If all goes well and you are accepted for an interview, you will meet with the interviewing party and answer some question and also this is the time in which you also may ask questions that you seek answers to. You must pass the interview process sometimes more than one interview will be conducted. After acceptance you will have to drug test and pass. And on toward the career you have been seeking awaits you. Life as a probation officer can be stressful. This can affect a person’s life at work and home. The position requires dedication and time. You must be dedicated to the laws set forth by the people and willing to spend the time it takes to assure one’s attempt to being rehabilitated. A probation officer acts as a liaison between the courts orders to the offender and respond on the offenders behalf when the offender has either completed his or her court orders or the offender violates one or all the orders set forth by the court. These determinations will determine whether the offender is released from probation or determine that the offender cannot be rehabilitated at the time and needs to spend the rest of their time in incarceration. Anyone can become a probation officer so as long they want to help society’s not so best, become better and get rehabilitated. This position requires education, physical demand, and stress no doubt. There are some qualifications that must be met but the outcome is great. The benefits are awesome and most wouldn’t be disappointed. With this all being said you may now know whether or not a probation officer is the job for you. If Probation sounds like something you may be interested in, get information and ask questions. There is plenty more information to seek out. The career of a probation officer is not only rewarding and challenging, but comes with great benefits. If helping people is the answer to your future this position can be a great place to start. There are risks and opportunity that come with changing someone’s life whether they are young or old. Many probation officers relish the opportunity to change the lives of law offenders.

Marketing management Essay Example for Free

Marketing management Essay Slide 9.1 it’s good and good for you Chapter 9a Developing new products and  managing the product life cycle Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.2 New product development and product life-cycle strategies Topic outline †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ New product development strategy New product development process Managing new product development Product life-cycle strategies Additional product and service considerations Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.3 New product development strategy Two ways to obtain new products Acquisition refers to the buying of a whole  company, a patent or a license to produce  someone else’s product. New product development refers to the  development of original products, product  improvements, product modifications and  new brands through the firm’s own product  development efforts. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.4 New product development process  Major stages in new product development Figure 9.1 Major stages in new-product development Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.5 New product development process (Continued) Idea generation Idea generation is the systematic search for new product ideas. Sources of new product ideas †¢ Internal †¢ External Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.6 New product development process (Continued) Idea generation Internal sources refer to the company’s  own formal research and  development, management and staff, and intrapreneurial programs. External sources refer to sources outside  the company such as customers,  competitors, distributors, suppliers  and outside design firms. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.7 New product development process (Continued) Crowdsourcing Inviting broad communities of people—  customers, employees, independent  scientists and researchers and even the public at large—into the new product  innovation process. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.8 New product development process (Continued) Idea screening †¢ Identify good ideas and drop poor ideas. †¢ R-W-W screening framework: – Is it real? – Can we win? – Is it worth doing? Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.9 New product development process (Continued) Concept development and testing Product idea is an idea for a possible product  that the company can see itself offering to the market.  Product concept is a detailed version of the  idea stated in meaningful consumer terms.  Product image is the way consumers  perceive an actual or potential product. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.10 New product development process (Continued) Concept development and testing Concept testing refers to testing new product concepts with a group of target consumers to find out if the concepts have strong consumer appeal. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.11 New product development process (Continued) Marketing strategy development †¢ Marketing strategy development involves designing an initial marketing strategy for a new product based on the product concept. †¢ Marketing strategy statement includes: – Description of the target market – Value proposition – Sales and profit goals. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.12 New product development process (Continued) Marketing strategy development Business analysis involves a review of the sales, costs and profit projections to find out whether they satisfy the company’s objectives. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.13 New product development process (Continued) Marketing strategy development Product development †¢ †¢ †¢ Involves the creation and testing of one or more physical versions by the RD or engineering departments. Requires an increase in investment. Shows whether the product idea can be turned into a workable product. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.14 New product development process (Continued) Marketing strategy development Test marketing is the stage at which the product and marketing program are introduced into more realistic marketing settings. Provides the marketer with experience in testing the product and entire marketing program before full introduction. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.15 New product development process (Continued) Types of test markets Standard test markets Controlled test markets Simulated test markets Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.16 New product development process (Continued) Marketing strategy development †¢ Advantages of simulated test markets – Less expensive than other test methods – Faster – Restricts access by competitors. †¢ Disadvantages – Not considered as reliable and accurate due to the controlled setting. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.17 New product development process (Continued) Marketing strategy development When firms test market †¢ New product with large investment †¢ Uncertainty about product or marketing program When firms may not test market †¢ Simple line extension †¢ Copy of competitor product †¢ Low costs †¢ Management confidence Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.18 New product development process (Continued) Marketing strategy development Commercialisation is the introduction of the new product †¢ When to launch †¢ Where to launch †¢ Planned market rollout Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.19 Managing new product development Successful new product development should be: †¢ customer-centred †¢ team-based †¢ systematic. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.20 Managing new product development (Continued) New product development strategies Customer-centred new product development: new ways to solve customer problems and create more customer satisfying experiences. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.21 Managing new product development (Continued) New product development strategies Sequential new product development:  company departments work closely  together individually to complete each  stage of the process before passing it  along to the next department or stage. †¢ Increased control in risky or complex projects but may be slow. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.22 Managing new product development (Continued) New product development strategies Team-based new product development: Various company departments work  closely together, overlapping the steps  in the product development process to  save time and increase effectiveness. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.23 Managing new product development (Continued) New product development strategies Systematic new product development: innovative development approach that collects, reviews, evaluates and manages new product ideas. †¢ Creates an innovation-oriented culture. †¢ Yields a large number of new product ideas. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.24 Product life-cycle strategies Product life cycle Figure 9.2 Sales and profits over the product’s life from inception to decline Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.25 Product life-cycle strategies (Continued) †¢ Product development – Sales are zero and investment costs mount. †¢ Introduction – Slow sales growth and profits are nonexistent. †¢ Growth – Rapid market acceptance and increasing profits. †¢ Maturity – Slowdown in sales growth and profits level off or decline. †¢ Decline – Sales fall off and profits drop. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.26 Product life-cycle strategies (Continued) Figure 9.3 Styles, fashions and fads Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.27 Product life-cycle strategies (Continued) Fads are temporary periods of unusually high sales driven by consumer enthusiasm and immediate product or brand popularity. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.28 Product life-cycle strategies (Continued) Introduction stage †¢ Slow sales growth †¢ Little or no profit †¢ High distribution and promotion expense. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.29 Product life-cycle strategies (Continued) Growth stage †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Sales increase New competitors enter the market Price stability or decline to increase volume Consumer education Profits increase Promotion and manufacturing costs gain economies of scale. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.30 Product life-cycle strategies (Continued) Maturity stage †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Slowdown in sales Many suppliers Substitute products Overcapacity leads to competition Increased promotion and RD to support sales and profits. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.31 Product life-cycle strategies (Continued) Maturity stage modifying strategies †¢ Market modifying †¢ Product modifying †¢ Marketing mix modifying Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.32 Product life-cycle strategies (Continued) Decline stage †¢ Maintain the product †¢ Harvest the product †¢ Drop the product Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.33 Additional product and service considerations Product decisions and social responsibility Public policy and regulations regarding developing and dropping products, patents, quality and safety. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013 Slide 9.34 Additional product and service considerations (Continued) International product and service marketing—challenges †¢ Determining what products and services to introduce in which countries †¢ Standardisation versus customisation †¢ Packaging and labelling †¢ Customs, values and laws. Kotler et al., Principles of Marketing, 6th edition  © Pearson Education Limited 2013

History of Tet Offensive

History of Tet Offensive Jordan Dingle The Tet offensive was an operation that took place in 1968 from January 30th to mid-August and was the largest military campaign of the Vietnam war. It involved nearly 80,000 North Vietnamese attacking more than 100 towns and cities in South Vietnam simultaneously. The offensive was a complete surprise to the South Vietnamese and the Americans, as it was thought to be impossible for the NVA to carry out an operation this large and no fighting was expected to happen because of the Tet holiday (Willbanks, 2007). This operation became a turning point for the American-Vietnam war as the offensive caused the U.S. to lose control of some cities temporarily and it showed the American public that the U.S. was not winning the war as the government had previously claimed. Prior to the Tet offensive, the U.S. faced declining support from the public in its foreign policy methods in Vietnam. U.S. citizens faced rising taxes and increasing U.S. casualty numbers in Vietnam. Many people were starting to feel that it was a mistake to send soldiers to Vietnam and that it was a hopeless cause. Public opinion polls at the time showed that the percentage of Americans who believed that the U.S. had made a mistake by sending troops to Vietnam had risen from roughly 25 percent in 1965 to about 45 percent by December 1967 (Willbanks, 2007). The U.S. military and President Lyndon B. Johnsons administration attempted to alter the publics viewpoint on the war by feeding the media optimistic information about the war. On the North Vietnamese side, there were concerns about the direction of the war and the affect it was having the capability of North Vietnam being able to sustain itself as country. Constant U.S. aerial bombings had decimated North Vietnams economic capability and the government realized that at the current rate, North Vietnam would lack the ability to affect the war in South Vietnam. The operation went into its planning stages in the early months of 1967 and was decided to take place on the Tet holiday to surprise unsuspecting American and South Vietnamese forces.   The North Vietnamese believed that the widespread offensive would cause the people of South Vietnam to revolt against the South Vietnamese government. While the offensive did cause the tide of the war to change, it did not cause mass uprisings (Bradley, 2009). The first phase of the Tet offensive began in the early hours of January 30th when the NVA and Viet Cong initiated attacks on all major cities in central Vietnam including Nha Trang, Hoi An, Pleiku, and Da Nang. On January 31st, another major attack was initiated in various major cities and bases in Southern Vietnam. Much of the forces in the operation were focused on South Vietnams capital, Saigon. North Vietnamese forces, while not able to take control of the city, managed to attack critical strategic points around the city. At the same time, the north Vietnamese forces and Viet Cong successfully attacked and captured the city of Hue in central Vietnam. It took the U.S. 25 days to fight back the North Vietnamese and retake the city (Willbanks, 2007). The North Vietnamese initiated a second phase to the offensive on May 4th and attacked various targets across South Vietnam again. But this time the Americans and South Vietnamese were prepared and the offensive was considerably less successful. The 2nd phase ended in late May. The third and final phase of the Tet offensive began on August 17th and was easily repelled by the South Vietnamese and Americans. This last attack was considered a dismal failure as it had little effect on any South Vietnamese or American positions (Willbanks, 2007). Although the Tet offensive did not achieve its goal of initiating uprisings throughout South Vietnam, it did inflict heavy damage on American and South Vietnamese forces. It allowed the Viet Cong to take control of the rural areas of Vietnam, especially in the Mekong Delta. The offensive put South Vietnam into turmoil as it was the first time that the war had reached any urban areas in South Vietnam. It reduced confidence in the government in their ability to protect its citizens from the Viet Cong. The battles that took place destroyed thousands of homes, displaced, injured and killed thousands of people. The human and material cost to South Vietnam was staggering. The number of civilian casualties was estimated by the government to be over 14,000 with at least 20,000 wounded.The North Vietnamese had suffered incredible amounts of casualties. Some estimates place the number of casualties to be over 180,000 dead during 1968.The offensive was the largest number of casualties that the North Vietnamese had faced in the war. The situation was so dire, that many Viet Cong cadres had to be replaced partially by North Vietnamese Army regulars. Although the North Vietnamese lost many soldiers in the South, they acknowledged the benefits of the Tet offensive. General Tran Do, one of the commanders in the battle of Hue, stated In all honesty, we didnt achieve our main objective, which was to spur uprisings throughout the South. Still, we inflicted heavy casualties on the Americans and their puppets, and this was a big gain for us. As for making an impact in the United States, it had not been our intention-but it turned out to be a fortunate result (Karnow, 1988). The aftermath of the Tet offensive also brought about more international influence into the Vietnam conflict. The Paris peace talks, which took place in May of 1968 initiated negotiations between the U.S. and North Vietnam while allowing third-party influence into the politics of the region. In short, the Tet offensive changed both the DRV and the U.S.s goals of military and political victory against each other to negotiations and de-escalation (Bradley 2009). The results of the Tet offensive also spread the conflict into the border regions of Cambodia and Laos. Before and during the Tet offensive, the North Vietnamese used the Ho Chi Minh trail, which lead through southern Laos and Eastern Cambodia, to send supplies and reinforcements to Viet Cong cadres in South Vietnam. This supply route, was the main resource in preparing the Viet Cong for the Tet offensive After the offensive failed, the U.S. began bombing campaigns in Laos and Cambodia along the Ho Chi Minh trail. These bombings eliminated Laos and Cambodias neutrality and dragged them into conflict within their own borders (Kranow, 1988). In the U.S., the aftermath of the offensive created a crisis for the Johnson administration. Public opinion was now overwhelmingly against the war. The U.S. had suffered much casualties with over 16,000 soldiers killed by the end of 1968. A new draft was also called in 1968 calling for 48,000 men to be enlisted. These factors brewed heavy discontentment with the U.S. government and the Johnson administration. The Tet offensive certainly made an impact on the 1968 presidential election and Lyndon B. Johnsons decision to not run for re-election. The new administration of Richard Nixon oversaw the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Vietnam, allowing the North Vietnamese to capture Saigon and reunify Vietnam. Works Cited Bradley, Mark. Vietnam at War. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009. Web. Bradley, Mark, and Marilyn Blatt. Young. Making Sense of the Vietnam Wars: Local, National, and Transnational Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2008. Web. Karnow, Stanley. Vietnam, a History. Norwalk, CT: Easton, 1988. Web. Willbanks, James H. The Tet Offensive: A Concise History. New York: Columbia UP, 2007. Web.

The Impact and the Outcome of Pain :: Essays Papers

The Impact and the Outcome of Pain The impact of sexual abuse reaches all levels of Childs emotions. Confusion: This is usually the first reaction of the child. They will usually question, â€Å"What is going on?† and â€Å" Is this right or wrong?† For a young child these questions can be a huge load on their psychological development. Once the abuse begins the victim experience a tremendous conflict with their emotions. They experience pain, guilt, and anger for what is being done. The question, â€Å"Is this right or wrong?† posses the greatest conflict within the Childs minds. The abuse feels so wrong yet the abuser insist it is okay, taking advantage of the Childs mistrust and naivety. This kind of conflict can stay within the victim’s minds for years. This pain and conflict is what Dorothy Allison writes about in her book ‘two or three things I know for sure† Coming from a dysfunctional low-class family with mostly women around was her environment for years and the only man around, sexually abused her. Imagine yourself in a similar position and ask yourself â€Å"what would the effect be on me?† The effect on Dorothy Allison is portrayed in the book. She writes about having mixed emotions that for people who have not had such an experience seems quit strange. For example on page 48 (I knew; with fury) she describes the first time making love to a woman. When she makes love to her the smell reminds her of her stepfather. She feels both desire and hatred. The desire was what scared her, but by making love to this woman it made her feel more comfortable with that emotion. The desire resulted in a process of healing, not thinking of her stepfather while having sex. It takes her a long time tough not to feel rage when she feels desire. Comparing a book like this with Ursula Duba’s in essence is not hard. Both have the clear topic of multiple sources of social identity. In both books you can read about things that make peoples identities change, be it atrocities of war or a horrible experience like rape. The difference however and also the main topic of this paper lies in emotional wounds and their possible healing. In â€Å"The bakers story† a poem is written about a baker and his wife, both holocaust survivors, and the regularly visits Duba and her husband made to the bakery shop.